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SSH-KEYGEN(1) System Reference Manual SSH-KEYGEN(1)
NAME
ssh-keygen - authentication key generation, management and conversion
SYNOPSIS
ssh-keygen [-q] [-b bits] [-t type] [-N new_passphrase] [-C comment] [-f
output_keyfile]
ssh-keygen -p [-P old_passphrase] [-N new_passphrase] [-f keyfile]
ssh-keygen -i [-f input_keyfile]
ssh-keygen -e [-f input_keyfile]
ssh-keygen -y [-f input_keyfile]
ssh-keygen -c [-P passphrase] [-C comment] [-f keyfile]
ssh-keygen -l [-f input_keyfile]
ssh-keygen -B [-f input_keyfile]
DESCRIPTION
ssh-keygen generates, manages and converts authentication keys for
ssh(1). ssh-keygen defaults to generating a RSA1 key for use by SSH proM--
tocol version 1. specifying the -t option allows you to create a key for
use by SSH protocol version 2.
Normally each user wishing to use SSH with RSA or DSA authentication runs
this once to create the authentication key in $HOME/.ssh/identity,
$HOME/.ssh/id_dsa or $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa. Additionally, the system adminisM--
trator may use this to generate host keys, as seen in /etc/rc.
Normally this program generates the key and asks for a file in which to
store the private key. The public key is stored in a file with the same
name but ``.pub'' appended. The program also asks for a passphrase. The
passphrase may be empty to indicate no passphrase (host keys must have an
empty passphrase), or it may be a string of arbitrary length. Good
passphrases are 10-30 characters long and are not simple sentences or
otherwise easily guessable (English prose has only 1-2 bits of entropy
per word, and provides very bad passphrases). The passphrase can be
changed later by using the -p option.
There is no way to recover a lost passphrase. If the passphrase is lost
or forgotten, you will have to generate a new key and copy the correM--
sponding public key to other machines.
For RSA1 keys, there is also a comment field in the key file that is only
for convenience to the user to help identify the key. The comment can
tell what the key is for, or whatever is useful. The comment is initialM--
ized to ``user@host'' when the key is created, but can be changed using
the -c option.
After a key is generated, instructions below detail where the keys should
be placed to be activated.
The options are as follows:
-b bits
Specifies the number of bits in the key to create. Minimum is
512 bits. Generally 1024 bits is considered sufficient, and key
sizes above that no longer improve security but make things slowM--
er. The default is 1024 bits.
-c Requests changing the comment in the private and public key
files. The program will prompt for the file containing the priM--
vate keys, for passphrase if the key has one, and for the new
comment.
-e This option will read a private or public OpenSSH key file and
print the key in a `SECSH Public Key File Format' to stdout.
This option allows exporting keys for use by several commercial
SSH implementations.
-f Specifies the filename of the key file.
-i This option will read an unencrypted private (or public) key file
in SSH2-compatible format and print an OpenSSH compatible private
(or public) key to stdout. ssh-keygen also reads the `SECSH
Public Key File Format'. This option allows importing keys from
several commercial SSH implementations.
-l Show fingerprint of specified private or public key file.
-p Requests changing the passphrase of a private key file instead of
creating a new private key. The program will prompt for the file
containing the private key, for the old passphrase, and twice for
the new passphrase.
-q Silence ssh-keygen. Used by /etc/rc when creating a new key.
-y This option will read a private OpenSSH format file and print an
OpenSSH public key to stdout.
-t type
Specifies the type of the key to create. The possible values are
``rsa1'' for protocol version 1 and ``rsa'' or ``dsa'' for protoM--
col version 2. The default is ``rsa1''.
-B Show the bubblebabble digest of specified private or public key
file.
-C comment
Provides the new comment.
-N new_passphrase
Provides the new passphrase.
-P passphrase
Provides the (old) passphrase.
FILES
$HOME/.ssh/identity
Contains the protocol version 1 RSA authentication identity of
the user. This file should not be readable by anyone but the usM--
er. It is possible to specify a passphrase when generating the
key; that passphrase will be used to encrypt the private part of
this file using 3DES. This file is not automatically accessed by
ssh-keygen but it is offered as the default file for the private
key. sshd(8) will read this file when a login attempt is made.
$HOME/.ssh/identity.pub
Contains the protocol version 1 RSA public key for authenticaM--
tion. The contents of this file should be added to
$HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys on all machines where you wish to log
in using RSA authentication. There is no need to keep the conM--
tents of this file secret.
$HOME/.ssh/id_dsa
Contains the protocol version 2 DSA authentication identity of
the user. This file should not be readable by anyone but the usM--
er. It is possible to specify a passphrase when generating the
key; that passphrase will be used to encrypt the private part of
this file using 3DES. This file is not automatically accessed by
ssh-keygen but it is offered as the default file for the private
key. sshd(8) will read this file when a login attempt is made.
$HOME/.ssh/id_dsa.pub
Contains the protocol version 2 DSA public key for authenticaM--
tion. The contents of this file should be added to
$HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys2 on all machines where you wish to log
in using public key authentication. There is no need to keep the
contents of this file secret.
$HOME/.ssh/id_rsa
Contains the protocol version 2 RSA authentication identity of
the user. This file should not be readable by anyone but the usM--
er. It is possible to specify a passphrase when generating the
key; that passphrase will be used to encrypt the private part of
this file using 3DES. This file is not automatically accessed by
ssh-keygen but it is offered as the default file for the private
key. sshd(8) will read this file when a login attempt is made.
$HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
Contains the protocol version 2 RSA public key for authenticaM--
tion. The contents of this file should be added to
$HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys2 on all machines where you wish to log
in using public key authentication. There is no need to keep the
contents of this file secret.
AUTHORS
OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by
Tatu Ylonen. Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo
de Raadt and Dug Song removed many bugs, re-added newer features and creM--
ated OpenSSH. Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH protocol
versions 1.5 and 2.0.
SEE ALSO
ssh(1), ssh-add(1), ssh-agent(1), sshd(8)
J. Galbraith, and R. Thayer, SECSH Public Key File Format, draft-ietf-
secsh-publickeyfile-01.txt, March 2001, work in progress material.
BSD Experimental September 25, 1999 3
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