%!PS-Adobe-2.0 %%Creator: dvipsk 5.58f Copyright 1986, 1994 Radical Eye Software %%Title: ld-2.9.1/dvi/ld.dvi %%Pages: 66 %%PageOrder: Ascend %%BoundingBox: 0 0 596 842 %%EndComments %DVIPSCommandLine: dvips -o ld-2.9.1/ps/ld.ps ld-2.9.1/dvi/ld.dvi %DVIPSParameters: dpi=300, compressed, comments removed %DVIPSSource: TeX output 1998.11.07:1550 %%BeginProcSet: texc.pro /TeXDict 250 dict def TeXDict begin /N{def}def /B{bind def}N /S{exch}N /X{S N}B /TR{translate}N /isls false N /vsize 11 72 mul N /hsize 8.5 72 mul N /landplus90{false}def /@rigin{isls{[0 landplus90{1 -1}{-1 1} ifelse 0 0 0]concat}if 72 Resolution div 72 VResolution div neg scale isls{landplus90{VResolution 72 div vsize mul 0 exch}{Resolution -72 div hsize mul 0}ifelse TR}if Resolution VResolution vsize -72 div 1 add mul TR[matrix currentmatrix{dup dup round sub abs 0.00001 lt{round}if} forall round exch round exch]setmatrix}N /@landscape{/isls true N}B /@manualfeed{statusdict /manualfeed true put}B /@copies{/#copies X}B /FMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0]N /FBB[0 0 0 0]N /nn 0 N /IE 0 N /ctr 0 N /df-tail{ /nn 8 dict N nn begin /FontType 3 N /FontMatrix fntrx N /FontBBox FBB N string /base X array /BitMaps X /BuildChar{CharBuilder}N /Encoding IE N end dup{/foo setfont}2 array copy cvx N load 0 nn put /ctr 0 N[}B /df{ /sf 1 N /fntrx FMat N df-tail}B /dfs{div /sf X /fntrx[sf 0 0 sf neg 0 0] N df-tail}B /E{pop nn dup definefont setfont}B /ch-width{ch-data dup length 5 sub get}B /ch-height{ch-data dup length 4 sub get}B /ch-xoff{ 128 ch-data dup length 3 sub get sub}B /ch-yoff{ch-data dup length 2 sub get 127 sub}B /ch-dx{ch-data dup length 1 sub get}B /ch-image{ch-data dup type /stringtype ne{ctr get /ctr ctr 1 add N}if}B /id 0 N /rw 0 N /rc 0 N /gp 0 N /cp 0 N /G 0 N /sf 0 N /CharBuilder{save 3 1 roll S dup /base get 2 index get S /BitMaps get S get /ch-data X pop /ctr 0 N ch-dx 0 ch-xoff ch-yoff ch-height sub ch-xoff ch-width add ch-yoff setcachedevice ch-width ch-height true[1 0 0 -1 -.1 ch-xoff sub ch-yoff .1 sub]/id ch-image N /rw ch-width 7 add 8 idiv string N /rc 0 N /gp 0 N /cp 0 N{rc 0 ne{rc 1 sub /rc X rw}{G}ifelse}imagemask restore}B /G{{id gp get /gp gp 1 add N dup 18 mod S 18 idiv pl S get exec}loop}B /adv{cp add /cp X}B /chg{rw cp id gp 4 index getinterval putinterval dup gp add /gp X adv}B /nd{/cp 0 N rw exit}B /lsh{rw cp 2 copy get dup 0 eq{pop 1}{ dup 255 eq{pop 254}{dup dup add 255 and S 1 and or}ifelse}ifelse put 1 adv}B /rsh{rw cp 2 copy get dup 0 eq{pop 128}{dup 255 eq{pop 127}{dup 2 idiv S 128 and or}ifelse}ifelse put 1 adv}B /clr{rw cp 2 index string putinterval adv}B /set{rw cp fillstr 0 4 index getinterval putinterval adv}B /fillstr 18 string 0 1 17{2 copy 255 put pop}for N /pl[{adv 1 chg} {adv 1 chg nd}{1 add chg}{1 add chg nd}{adv lsh}{adv lsh nd}{adv rsh}{ adv rsh nd}{1 add adv}{/rc X nd}{1 add set}{1 add clr}{adv 2 chg}{adv 2 chg nd}{pop nd}]dup{bind pop}forall N /D{/cc X dup type /stringtype ne{] }if nn /base get cc ctr put nn /BitMaps get S ctr S sf 1 ne{dup dup length 1 sub dup 2 index S get sf div put}if put /ctr ctr 1 add N}B /I{ cc 1 add D}B /bop{userdict /bop-hook known{bop-hook}if /SI save N @rigin 0 0 moveto /V matrix currentmatrix dup 1 get dup mul exch 0 get dup mul add .99 lt{/QV}{/RV}ifelse load def pop pop}N /eop{SI restore userdict /eop-hook known{eop-hook}if showpage}N /@start{userdict /start-hook known{start-hook}if pop /VResolution X /Resolution X 1000 div /DVImag X /IE 256 array N 0 1 255{IE S 1 string dup 0 3 index put cvn put}for 65781.76 div /vsize X 65781.76 div /hsize X}N /p{show}N /RMat[1 0 0 -1 0 0]N /BDot 260 string N /rulex 0 N /ruley 0 N /v{/ruley X /rulex X V}B /V {}B /RV statusdict begin /product where{pop product dup length 7 ge{0 7 getinterval dup(Display)eq exch 0 4 getinterval(NeXT)eq or}{pop false} ifelse}{false}ifelse end{{gsave TR -.1 .1 TR 1 1 scale rulex ruley false RMat{BDot}imagemask grestore}}{{gsave TR -.1 .1 TR rulex ruley scale 1 1 false RMat{BDot}imagemask grestore}}ifelse B /QV{gsave newpath transform round exch round exch itransform moveto rulex 0 rlineto 0 ruley neg rlineto rulex neg 0 rlineto fill grestore}B /a{moveto}B /delta 0 N /tail {dup /delta X 0 rmoveto}B /M{S p delta add tail}B /b{S p tail}B /c{-4 M} B /d{-3 M}B /e{-2 M}B /f{-1 M}B /g{0 M}B /h{1 M}B /i{2 M}B /j{3 M}B /k{ 4 M}B /w{0 rmoveto}B /l{p -4 w}B /m{p -3 w}B /n{p -2 w}B /o{p -1 w}B /q{ p 1 w}B /r{p 2 w}B /s{p 3 w}B /t{p 4 w}B /x{0 S rmoveto}B /y{3 2 roll p a}B /bos{/SS save N}B /eos{SS restore}B end %%EndProcSet TeXDict begin 39158280 55380996 1000 300 300 (ld-2.9.1/dvi/ld.dvi) @start /Fa 1 47 df<120EEA3F80127F12FFA31300127E123C0909798815>46 D E /Fb 3 118 df<3801F840380706C0EA0C01EA3800123000701340126000E01300A3 EB1FF0EB01C01260127012301238120CEA07023801FC4014137E9218>103 D<38FC07F0381E01C0381F00801217EA1380EA11C0A2EA10E0137013781338131C130EA2 1307130313011238EAFE0014137F9217>110 D<38FF87F0381C01C0EB0080AD380C0100 1206EA0306EA00F814137F9217>117 D E /Fc 1 59 df<126012F0A2126004047D830B> 58 D E /Fd 62 123 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b(Section)h(4.2)e([)p Ft(ld)g Fu(and)h(the)g(In)o (tel)h(960)315 1114 y(family],)h(page)g(45,)f(for)h(details.)315 1201 y(F)l(uture)j(releases)g(of)g Ft(ld)f Fu(ma)o(y)g(supp)q(ort)h (similar)h(functionalit)o(y)g(for)e(other)h(arc)o(hitecture)315 1256 y(families.)75 1377 y Ft(-b)d Fn(input-format)75 1431 y Ft(--format=)p Fn(input-format)315 1486 y Ft(ld)e Fu(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)h(con\014gured)h(to)e(supp)q(ort)h(more)g(than)f(one) h(kind)h(of)f(ob)s(ject)f(\014le.)20 b(If)13 b(y)o(our)g Ft(ld)f Fu(is)315 1541 y(con\014gured)h(this)g(w)o(a)o(y)l(,)f(y)o(ou)h (can)g(use)g(the)g(`)p Ft(-b)p Fu(')e(option)i(to)f(sp)q(ecify)i(the)f (binary)g(format)f(for)315 1596 y(input)17 b(ob)s(ject)f(\014les)h (that)f(follo)o(w)h(this)f(option)h(on)f(the)h(command)f(line.)25 b(Ev)o(en)16 b(when)h Ft(ld)315 1651 y Fu(is)h(con\014gured)f(to)g (supp)q(ort)g(alternativ)o(e)g(ob)s(ject)f(formats,)g(y)o(ou)h(don't)f (usually)j(need)f(to)315 1705 y(sp)q(ecify)d(this,)g(as)f Ft(ld)f Fu(should)j(b)q(e)e(con\014gured)h(to)f(exp)q(ect)h(as)e(a)h (default)h(input)g(format)e(the)315 1760 y(most)h(usual)h(format)f(on)g (eac)o(h)h(mac)o(hine.)21 b Fn(input-format)15 b Fu(is)h(a)e(text)g (string,)h(the)g(name)f(of)315 1815 y(a)g(particular)g(format)f(supp)q (orted)h(b)o(y)g(the)g(BFD)f(libraries.)21 b(\(Y)l(ou)14 b(can)g(list)g(the)g(a)o(v)m(ailable)315 1870 y(binary)i(formats)e (with)h(`)p Ft(objdump)f(-i)p Fu('.\))19 b(See)d(Chapter)f(5)f([BFD],)g (page)h(47.)315 1957 y(Y)l(ou)f(ma)o(y)g(w)o(an)o(t)f(to)h(use)g(this)h (option)f(if)h(y)o(ou)f(are)g(linking)i(\014les)f(with)g(an)f(un)o (usual)h(binary)315 2012 y(format.)j(Y)l(ou)d(can)g(also)f(use)h(`)p Ft(-b)p Fu(')e(to)h(switc)o(h)h(formats)e(explicitly)k(\(when)e (linking)i(ob)s(ject)315 2067 y(\014les)h(of)f(di\013eren)o(t)g (formats\),)e(b)o(y)i(including)j(`)p Ft(-b)15 b Fn(input-format)q Fu(')h(b)q(efore)h(eac)o(h)h(group)e(of)315 2122 y(ob)s(ject)f(\014les) h(in)g(a)f(particular)h(format.)315 2209 y(The)21 b(default)g(format)e (is)j(tak)o(en)e(from)g(the)g(en)o(vironmen)o(t)h(v)m(ariable)h Ft(GNUTARGET)p Fu(.)35 b(See)315 2264 y(Section)24 b(2.2)e([En)o (vironmen)o(t],)h(page)g(17.)42 b(Y)l(ou)24 b(can)f(also)f(de\014ne)i (the)f(input)h(format)315 2319 y(from)13 b(a)f(script,)i(using)g(the)g (command)f Ft(TARGET)p Fu(;)f(see)i(Section)g(3.8)f([Option)g (Commands],)315 2374 y(page)i(40.)75 2494 y Ft(-c)g Fn (MRI-command\014le)75 2549 y Ft(--mri-script=)p Fn(MRI-command\014le) 315 2604 y Fu(F)l(or)e(compatibilit)o(y)j(with)f(link)o(ers)g(pro)q (duced)g(b)o(y)f(MRI,)g Ft(ld)g Fu(accepts)g(script)h(\014les)g (written)315 2658 y(in)i(an)f(alternate,)g(restricted)h(command)f (language,)h(describ)q(ed)h(in)f(App)q(endix)h(A)f([MRI)315 2713 y(Compatible)h(Script)g(Files],)f(page)g(55.)25 b(In)o(tro)q(duce)18 b(MRI)g(script)f(\014les)h(with)g(the)f(option)315 2768 y(`)p Ft(-c)p Fu(';)k(use)f(the)g(`)p Ft(-T)p Fu(')f(option)i(to)e (run)h(link)o(er)h(scripts)g(written)f(in)h(the)f(general-purp)q(ose) 315 2823 y Ft(ld)g Fu(scripting)h(language.)36 b(If)20 b Fn(MRI-cmd\014le)25 b Fu(do)q(es)c(not)f(exist,)h Ft(ld)f Fu(lo)q(oks)h(for)e(it)i(in)g(the)315 2878 y(directories)16 b(sp)q(eci\014ed)i(b)o(y)d(an)o(y)g(`)p Ft(-L)p Fu(')f(options.)p eop %%Page: 5 7 5 6 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(2:)k(In)o(v)o(o)q(cation)1337 b(5)75 391 y Ft(-d)75 446 y(-dc)75 500 y(-dp)168 b Fu(These)18 b(three)f(options)h(are)f(equiv)m(alen)o(t;)j(m)o(ultiple)g(forms)c (are)h(supp)q(orted)i(for)d(compat-)315 555 y(ibilit)o(y)24 b(with)e(other)f(link)o(ers.)41 b(They)22 b(assign)g(space)g(to)f (common)h(sym)o(b)q(ols)g(ev)o(en)g(if)g(a)315 610 y(relo)q(catable)f (output)g(\014le)g(is)g(sp)q(eci\014ed)i(\(with)d(`)p Ft(-r)p Fu('\).)34 b(The)21 b(script)g(command)f Ft(FORCE_)315 665 y(COMMON_ALLOCATION)13 b Fu(has)i(the)g(same)g(e\013ect.)20 b(See)c(Section)g(3.8)f([Option)g(Commands],)315 720 y(page)g(40.)75 796 y Ft(-e)g Fn(en)o(try)75 851 y Ft(--entry=)p Fn(en)o(try)315 906 y Fu(Use)c Fn(en)o(try)j Fu(as)c(the)h(explicit)i (sym)o(b)q(ol)e(for)f(b)q(eginning)j(execution)f(of)e(y)o(our)g (program,)h(rather)315 961 y(than)21 b(the)g(default)h(en)o(try)f(p)q (oin)o(t.)39 b(See)21 b(Section)i(3.6)d([En)o(try)g(P)o(oin)o(t],)i (page)f(37,)h(for)e(a)315 1015 y(discussion)d(of)e(defaults)g(and)h (other)f(w)o(a)o(ys)f(of)g(sp)q(ecifying)k(the)d(en)o(try)g(p)q(oin)o (t.)75 1092 y Ft(-E)75 1147 y(--export-dynamic)315 1201 y Fu(When)d(creating)g(a)g(dynamically)h(link)o(ed)h(executable,)f(add) f(all)h(sym)o(b)q(ols)f(to)f(the)h(dynamic)315 1256 y(sym)o(b)q(ol)i (table.)19 b(The)14 b(dynamic)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(table)f(is)h(the)f(set)g (of)g(sym)o(b)q(ols)h(whic)o(h)g(are)f(visible)315 1311 y(from)h(dynamic)j(ob)s(jects)d(at)h(run)g(time.)315 1377 y(If)h(y)o(ou)g(do)g(not)g(use)g(this)g(option,)h(the)f(dynamic)h (sym)o(b)q(ol)f(table)g(will)i(normally)f(con)o(tain)315 1432 y(only)e(those)f(sym)o(b)q(ols)g(whic)o(h)h(are)f(referenced)h(b)o (y)g(some)e(dynamic)j(ob)s(ject)d(men)o(tioned)i(in)315 1486 y(the)g(link.)315 1552 y(If)j(y)o(ou)g(use)g Ft(dlopen)f Fu(to)g(load)h(a)g(dynamic)g(ob)s(ject)g(whic)o(h)g(needs)h(to)e(refer) h(bac)o(k)g(to)f(the)315 1607 y(sym)o(b)q(ols)e(de\014ned)h(b)o(y)f (the)g(program,)f(rather)g(than)h(some)f(other)h(dynamic)h(ob)s(ject,)e (then)315 1662 y(y)o(ou)h(will)i(probably)f(need)g(to)e(use)i(this)f (option)h(when)f(linking)j(the)d(program)f(itself.)75 1738 y Ft(-f)75 1793 y(--auxiliary)g Fn(name)315 1848 y Fu(When)19 b(creating)f(an)g(ELF)g(shared)h(ob)s(ject,)f(set)g(the)g (in)o(ternal)h(DT)p 1500 1848 14 2 v 16 w(A)o(UXILIAR)l(Y)i(\014eld)315 1903 y(to)c(the)g(sp)q(eci\014ed)j(name.)27 b(This)18 b(tells)g(the)g(dynamic)g(link)o(er)g(that)f(the)h(sym)o(b)q(ol)g (table)f(of)315 1957 y(the)g(shared)g(ob)s(ject)g(should)h(b)q(e)f (used)h(as)f(an)g(auxiliary)h(\014lter)f(on)g(the)h(sym)o(b)q(ol)f (table)g(of)315 2012 y(the)e(shared)h(ob)s(ject)e Fn(name)p Fu(.)315 2078 y(If)k(y)o(ou)g(later)g(link)i(a)d(program)g(against)h (this)g(\014lter)h(ob)s(ject,)f(then,)g(when)h(y)o(ou)f(run)g(the)315 2133 y(program,)12 b(the)g(dynamic)i(link)o(er)f(will)h(see)f(the)g(DT) p 1188 2133 V 16 w(A)o(UXILIAR)l(Y)h(\014eld.)21 b(If)12 b(the)h(dynamic)315 2187 y(link)o(er)f(resolv)o(es)e(an)o(y)g(sym)o(b)q (ols)h(from)f(the)g(\014lter)h(ob)s(ject,)g(it)f(will)i(\014rst)f(c)o (hec)o(k)f(whether)h(there)315 2242 y(is)g(a)g(de\014nition)h(in)g(the) f(shared)g(ob)s(ject)f Fn(name)p Fu(.)18 b(If)11 b(there)g(is)g(one,)h (it)f(will)h(b)q(e)g(used)f(instead)g(of)315 2297 y(the)i(de\014nition) i(in)e(the)g(\014lter)h(ob)s(ject.)k(The)13 b(shared)g(ob)s(ject)g Fn(name)i Fu(need)f(not)f(exist.)19 b(Th)o(us)315 2352 y(the)c(shared)g(ob)s(ject)f Fn(name)j Fu(ma)o(y)d(b)q(e)h(used)h(to)e (pro)o(vide)h(an)g(alternativ)o(e)g(implemen)o(tation)315 2407 y(of)d(certain)h(functions,)g(p)q(erhaps)g(for)e(debugging)j(or)d (for)h(mac)o(hine)h(sp)q(eci\014c)h(p)q(erformance.)315 2472 y(This)20 b(option)f(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)i(sp)q(eci\014ed)h(more)e (than)g(once.)32 b(The)19 b(DT)p 1452 2472 V 16 w(A)o(UXILIAR)l(Y)j(en) o(tries)315 2527 y(will)17 b(b)q(e)f(created)f(in)h(the)f(order)g(in)h (whic)o(h)g(they)g(app)q(ear)f(on)g(the)g(command)g(line.)75 2604 y Ft(-F)g Fn(name)75 2658 y Ft(--filter)f Fn(name)315 2713 y Fu(When)22 b(creating)f(an)g(ELF)g(shared)h(ob)s(ject,)g(set)f (the)g(in)o(ternal)h(DT)p 1528 2713 V 16 w(FIL)l(TER)g(\014eld)h(to)315 2768 y(the)16 b(sp)q(eci\014ed)i(name.)k(This)17 b(tells)g(the)f (dynamic)g(link)o(er)i(that)d(the)h(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(table)g(of)g(the)315 2823 y(shared)h(ob)s(ject)g(whic)o(h)h(is)f(b)q(eing)i(created)e (should)h(b)q(e)g(used)f(as)g(a)g(\014lter)g(on)g(the)h(sym)o(b)q(ol) 315 2878 y(table)e(of)e(the)i(shared)f(ob)s(ject)g Fn(name)p Fu(.)p eop %%Page: 6 8 6 7 bop 75 149 a Fu(6)1250 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er)315 391 y(If)j(y)o(ou)g(later)g(link)i(a)d(program)g(against)h(this)g (\014lter)h(ob)s(ject,)f(then,)g(when)h(y)o(ou)f(run)g(the)315 446 y(program,)11 b(the)h(dynamic)i(link)o(er)f(will)h(see)e(the)g(DT)p 1185 446 14 2 v 16 w(FIL)l(TER)h(\014eld.)20 b(The)13 b(dynamic)g(link)o(er)315 500 y(will)j(resolv)o(e)f(sym)o(b)q(ols)h (according)f(to)f(the)h(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(table)g(of)g(the)g(\014lter)g (ob)s(ject)f(as)h(usual,)315 555 y(but)21 b(it)f(will)j(actually)e (link)h(to)e(the)h(de\014nitions)h(found)f(in)g(the)g(shared)f(ob)s (ject)g Fn(name)p Fu(.)315 610 y(Th)o(us)14 b(the)f(\014lter)h(ob)s (ject)f(can)h(b)q(e)g(used)h(to)d(select)j(a)e(subset)h(of)f(the)h(sym) o(b)q(ols)g(pro)o(vided)g(b)o(y)315 665 y(the)h(ob)s(ject)g Fn(name)p Fu(.)315 736 y(Some)i(older)h(link)o(ers)g(used)f(the)h Ft(-F)e Fu(option)h(throughout)g(a)f(compilation)j(to)q(olc)o(hain)f (for)315 790 y(sp)q(ecifying)h(ob)s(ject-\014le)g(format)d(for)h(b)q (oth)g(input)i(and)e(output)h(ob)s(ject)f(\014les.)27 b(The)18 b Fo(gnu)315 845 y Fu(link)o(er)h(uses)g(other)e(mec)o (hanisms)i(for)e(this)i(purp)q(ose:)26 b(the)18 b Ft(-b)p Fu(,)g Ft(--format)p Fu(,)f Ft(--oformat)315 900 y Fu(options,)12 b(the)g Ft(TARGET)e Fu(command)i(in)g(link)o(er)h(scripts,)f(and)g(the) f Ft(GNUTARGET)g Fu(en)o(vironmen)o(t)315 955 y(v)m(ariable.)25 b(The)17 b Fo(gnu)g Fu(link)o(er)h(will)g(ignore)f(the)f Ft(-F)h Fu(option)f(when)h(not)g(creating)f(an)h(ELF)315 1010 y(shared)e(ob)s(ject.)75 1096 y Ft(--force-exe-suffix)315 1151 y Fu(Mak)o(e)f(sure)i(that)e(an)h(output)g(\014le)i(has)e(a)g (.exe)g(su\016x.)315 1222 y(If)d(a)f(successfully)i(built)g(fully)g (link)o(ed)g(output)f(\014le)g(do)q(es)g(not)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(a)g Ft(.exe)g Fu(or)g Ft(.dll)g Fu(su\016x,)315 1277 y(this)19 b(option)f(forces)g(the)h(link)o(er)g(to)f(cop)o(y)g(the)g(output)g (\014le)i(to)d(one)i(of)f(the)g(same)g(name)315 1332 y(with)c(a)g Ft(.exe)f Fu(su\016x.)19 b(This)c(option)f(is)g(useful)h (when)f(using)h(unmo)q(di\014ed)h(Unix)e(mak)o(e\014les)315 1386 y(on)19 b(a)f(Microsoft)g(Windo)o(ws)h(host,)g(since)h(some)f(v)o (ersions)g(of)f(Windo)o(ws)h(w)o(on't)f(run)h(an)315 1441 y(image)c(unless)i(it)e(ends)h(in)g(a)f Ft(.exe)f Fu(su\016x.)75 1528 y Ft(-g)192 b Fu(Ignored.)20 b(Pro)o(vided)c(for)e (compatibilit)o(y)j(with)f(other)f(to)q(ols.)75 1615 y Ft(-G)p Fn(v)m(alue)75 1670 y Ft(--gpsize=)p Fn(v)m(alue)315 1724 y Fu(Set)g(the)f(maxim)o(um)h(size)g(of)f(ob)s(jects)g(to)g(b)q(e) h(optimized)h(using)f(the)g(GP)f(register)h(to)e Fn(size)p Fu(.)315 1779 y(This)20 b(is)h(only)f(meaningful)h(for)e(ob)s(ject)g (\014le)i(formats)e(suc)o(h)h(as)f(MIPS)h(ECOFF)f(whic)o(h)315 1834 y(supp)q(orts)14 b(putting)g(large)f(and)h(small)g(ob)s(jects)f (in)o(to)h(di\013eren)o(t)f(sections.)20 b(This)14 b(is)g(ignored)315 1889 y(for)h(other)f(ob)s(ject)h(\014le)h(formats.)75 1976 y Ft(-h)p Fn(name)75 2030 y Ft(-soname=)p Fn(name)315 2085 y Fu(When)c(creating)g(an)f(ELF)g(shared)h(ob)s(ject,)f(set)h(the) f(in)o(ternal)h(DT)p 1439 2085 V 16 w(SONAME)g(\014eld)h(to)e(the)315 2140 y(sp)q(eci\014ed)19 b(name.)24 b(When)17 b(an)f(executable)i(is)f (link)o(ed)i(with)e(a)f(shared)h(ob)s(ject)f(whic)o(h)h(has)315 2195 y(a)e(DT)p 424 2195 V 16 w(SONAME)g(\014eld,)h(then)g(when)f(the)g (executable)i(is)e(run)h(the)f(dynamic)h(link)o(er)g(will)315 2250 y(attempt)h(to)g(load)g(the)h(shared)g(ob)s(ject)f(sp)q(eci\014ed) j(b)o(y)d(the)h(DT)p 1421 2250 V 16 w(SONAME)g(\014eld)h(rather)315 2304 y(than)c(the)g(using)h(the)g(\014le)g(name)f(giv)o(en)h(to)e(the)i (link)o(er.)75 2391 y Ft(-i)192 b Fu(P)o(erform)14 b(an)h(incremen)o (tal)i(link)f(\(same)f(as)g(option)g(`)p Ft(-r)p Fu('\).)75 2478 y Ft(-l)p Fn(arc)o(hiv)o(e)75 2533 y Ft(--library=)p Fn(arc)o(hiv)o(e)315 2588 y Fu(Add)f(arc)o(hiv)o(e)g(\014le)h Fn(arc)o(hiv)o(e)i Fu(to)c(the)h(list)g(of)f(\014les)i(to)e(link.)21 b(This)15 b(option)e(ma)o(y)h(b)q(e)g(used)g(an)o(y)315 2642 y(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(times.)20 b Ft(ld)12 b Fu(will)j(searc)o(h)e(its)h(path-list)g(for)e(o)q(ccurrences)i(of)f Ft(lib)p Fn(arc)o(hiv)o(e)p Ft(.a)g Fu(for)315 2697 y(ev)o(ery)i Fn(arc)o(hiv)o(e)j Fu(sp)q(eci\014ed.)315 2768 y(On)k(systems)e(whic)o (h)i(supp)q(ort)f(shared)g(libraries,)j Ft(ld)d Fu(ma)o(y)f(also)h (searc)o(h)g(for)f(libraries)315 2823 y(with)f(extensions)h(other)e (than)h Ft(.a)p Fu(.)31 b(Sp)q(eci\014cally)l(,)22 b(on)d(ELF)g(and)g (SunOS)h(systems,)f Ft(ld)315 2878 y Fu(will)g(searc)o(h)d(a)h (directory)g(for)g(a)f(library)i(with)f(an)g(extension)h(of)f Ft(.so)f Fu(b)q(efore)i(searc)o(hing)p eop %%Page: 7 9 7 8 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(2:)k(In)o(v)o(o)q(cation)1337 b(7)315 391 y(for)18 b(one)h(with)h(an)f(extension)h(of)e Ft(.a)p Fu(.)31 b(By)19 b(con)o(v)o(en)o(tion,)h(a)e Ft(.so)h Fu(extension)h(indicates)g(a)315 446 y(shared)15 b(library)l(.)315 512 y(The)f(link)o(er)i(will)f(searc)o(h)f(an)g(arc)o (hiv)o(e)g(only)h(once,)f(at)g(the)g(lo)q(cation)h(where)f(it)g(is)h (sp)q(eci\014ed)315 567 y(on)i(the)g(command)f(line.)27 b(If)17 b(the)f(arc)o(hiv)o(e)h(de\014nes)h(a)f(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(whic)o (h)h(w)o(as)d(unde\014ned)k(in)315 622 y(some)13 b(ob)s(ject)f(whic)o (h)i(app)q(eared)g(b)q(efore)g(the)f(arc)o(hiv)o(e)g(on)g(the)h (command)f(line,)i(the)e(link)o(er)315 677 y(will)22 b(include)g(the)e(appropriate)g(\014le\(s\))g(from)f(the)h(arc)o(hiv)o (e.)34 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)20 b(an)g(unde\014ned)315 732 y(sym)o(b)q(ol)f(in)h(an)f(ob)s(ject)f(app)q(earing)i(later)f(on)f (the)h(command)g(line)i(will)f(not)f(cause)g(the)315 786 y(link)o(er)d(to)f(searc)o(h)g(the)g(arc)o(hiv)o(e)h(again.)315 853 y(See)d(the)g Ft(-\()g Fu(option)f(for)h(a)f(w)o(a)o(y)g(to)g (force)g(the)h(link)o(er)h(to)e(searc)o(h)h(arc)o(hiv)o(es)g(m)o (ultiple)h(times.)315 920 y(Y)l(ou)h(ma)o(y)g(list)h(the)f(same)g(arc)o (hiv)o(e)h(m)o(ultiple)h(times)e(on)g(the)g(command)h(line.)315 987 y(This)f(t)o(yp)q(e)f(of)f(arc)o(hiv)o(e)i(searc)o(hing)f(is)h (standard)e(for)h(Unix)h(link)o(ers.)20 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)13 b(if)i(y)o(ou)e(are)315 1042 y(using)i Ft(ld)e Fu(on)h(AIX,)h(note)e (that)h(it)g(is)g(di\013eren)o(t)h(from)e(the)h(b)q(eha)o(viour)h(of)e (the)i(AIX)f(link)o(er.)75 1120 y Ft(-L)p Fn(searc)o(hdir)75 1175 y Ft(--library-path=)p Fn(searc)o(hdir)315 1230 y Fu(Add)i(path)f Fn(searc)o(hdir)k Fu(to)c(the)g(list)h(of)f(paths)g (that)g Ft(ld)g Fu(will)i(searc)o(h)e(for)g(arc)o(hiv)o(e)g(libraries) 315 1285 y(and)20 b Ft(ld)f Fu(con)o(trol)g(scripts.)33 b(Y)l(ou)20 b(ma)o(y)e(use)i(this)g(option)g(an)o(y)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h (of)f(times.)33 b(The)315 1340 y(directories)13 b(are)e(searc)o(hed)h (in)g(the)g(order)f(in)h(whic)o(h)h(they)e(are)g(sp)q(eci\014ed)j(on)d (the)h(command)315 1394 y(line.)21 b(Directories)16 b(sp)q(eci\014ed)h (on)e(the)g(command)g(line)h(are)f(searc)o(hed)g(b)q(efore)g(the)g (default)315 1449 y(directories.)31 b(All)19 b Ft(-L)g Fu(options)f(apply)h(to)f(all)i Ft(-l)e Fu(options,)h(regardless)f(of)g (the)h(order)f(in)315 1504 y(whic)o(h)e(the)f(options)h(app)q(ear.)315 1571 y(The)h(default)h(set)f(of)g(paths)f(searc)o(hed)i(\(without)f(b)q (eing)h(sp)q(eci\014ed)h(with)f(`)p Ft(-L)p Fu('\))d(dep)q(ends)315 1626 y(on)k(whic)o(h)h(em)o(ulation)f(mo)q(de)h Ft(ld)e Fu(is)i(using,)g(and)f(in)h(some)e(cases)h(also)g(on)g(ho)o(w)g(it)g(w) o(as)315 1680 y(con\014gured.)i(See)15 b(Section)h(2.2)f([En)o (vironmen)o(t],)f(page)h(17.)315 1747 y(The)f(paths)f(can)g(also)g(b)q (e)h(sp)q(eci\014ed)i(in)e(a)f(link)i(script)e(with)h(the)g Ft(SEARCH_DIR)d Fu(command.)315 1802 y(Directories)h(sp)q(eci\014ed)i (this)e(w)o(a)o(y)f(are)g(searc)o(hed)h(at)g(the)f(p)q(oin)o(t)i(in)f (whic)o(h)h(the)f(link)o(er)h(script)315 1857 y(app)q(ears)i(in)h(the)g (command)f(line.)75 1936 y Ft(-m)p Fn(em)o(ulation)315 1990 y Fu(Em)o(ulate)j(the)f Fn(em)o(ulation)i Fu(link)o(er.)28 b(Y)l(ou)18 b(can)g(list)g(the)g(a)o(v)m(ailable)i(em)o(ulations)e (with)g(the)315 2045 y(`)p Ft(--verbose)p Fu(')13 b(or)i(`)p Ft(-V)p Fu(')f(options.)315 2112 y(If)20 b(the)f(`)p Ft(-m)p Fu(')g(option)g(is)h(not)g(used,)g(the)g(em)o(ulation)g(is)g (tak)o(en)f(from)g(the)h Ft(LDEMULATION)315 2167 y Fu(en)o(vironmen)o (t)15 b(v)m(ariable,)i(if)e(that)g(is)h(de\014ned.)315 2234 y(Otherwise,)f(the)g(default)g(em)o(ulation)h(dep)q(ends)g(up)q (on)g(ho)o(w)e(the)h(link)o(er)h(w)o(as)e(con\014gured.)75 2312 y Ft(-M)75 2367 y(--print-map)315 2422 y Fu(Prin)o(t)20 b(a)g(link)i(map)e(to)g(the)h(standard)e(output.)36 b(A)20 b(link)i(map)e(pro)o(vides)h(information)315 2477 y(ab)q(out)15 b(the)g(link,)i(including)h(the)d(follo)o(wing:)352 2544 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(Where)15 b(ob)s(ject)g(\014les)h(and)g(sym)o(b)q(ols) f(are)g(mapp)q(ed)h(in)o(to)f(memory)l(.)352 2610 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(Ho)o(w)15 b(common)f(sym)o(b)q(ols)i(are)f(allo)q(cated.)352 2677 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(All)20 b(arc)o(hiv)o(e)f(mem)o(b)q(ers)g (included)j(in)d(the)g(link,)i(with)e(a)g(men)o(tion)g(of)g(the)g(sym)o (b)q(ol)405 2732 y(whic)o(h)d(caused)g(the)f(arc)o(hiv)o(e)g(mem)o(b)q (er)h(to)e(b)q(e)i(brough)o(t)f(in.)75 2823 y Ft(-n)75 2878 y(--nmagic)48 b Fu(Set)12 b(the)g(text)f(segmen)o(t)g(to)g(b)q(e)i (read)e(only)l(,)i(and)f(mark)f(the)h(output)f(as)h Ft(NMAGIC)e Fu(if)j(p)q(ossible.)p eop %%Page: 8 10 8 9 bop 75 149 a Fu(8)1250 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er)75 391 y Ft(-N)75 446 y(--omagic)48 b Fu(Set)15 b(the)h(text)e(and)i(data) e(sections)i(to)e(b)q(e)i(readable)g(and)f(writable.)21 b(Also,)15 b(do)g(not)g(page-)315 500 y(align)i(the)g(data)e(segmen)o (t.)23 b(If)17 b(the)f(output)g(format)f(supp)q(orts)i(Unix)g(st)o(yle) f(magic)h(n)o(um-)315 555 y(b)q(ers,)e(mark)g(the)g(output)g(as)g Ft(OMAGIC)p Fu(.)75 633 y Ft(-o)g Fn(output)75 688 y Ft(--output=)p Fn(output)315 743 y Fu(Use)h Fn(output)i Fu(as)e(the)g(name)g(for)g(the)g(program)g(pro)q(duced)h(b)o(y)f Ft(ld)p Fu(;)g(if)h(this)g(option)g(is)f(not)315 798 y(sp)q(eci\014ed,)22 b(the)d(name)g(`)p Ft(a.out)p Fu(')f(is)h(used)h (b)o(y)f(default.)32 b(The)19 b(script)h(command)f Ft(OUTPUT)315 852 y Fu(can)c(also)g(sp)q(ecify)i(the)e(output)g(\014le)i(name.)75 930 y Ft(-r)75 985 y(--relocateable)315 1040 y Fu(Generate)12 b(relo)q(catable)h(output|i.e.,)g(generate)e(an)h(output)g(\014le)i (that)d(can)h(in)h(turn)f(serv)o(e)315 1095 y(as)18 b(input)h(to)f Ft(ld)p Fu(.)29 b(This)19 b(is)g(often)f(called)i Fn(partial)f(linking) p Fu(.)31 b(As)19 b(a)f(side)h(e\013ect,)g(in)g(en)o(vi-)315 1149 y(ronmen)o(ts)14 b(that)g(supp)q(ort)g(standard)h(Unix)g(magic)g (n)o(um)o(b)q(ers,)f(this)h(option)g(also)g(sets)f(the)315 1204 y(output)i(\014le's)h(magic)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(to)g Ft(OMAGIC)p Fu(.)21 b(If)c(this)f(option)h(is)f(not)g(sp)q(eci\014ed,)i (an)e(abso-)315 1259 y(lute)h(\014le)g(is)f(pro)q(duced.)24 b(When)16 b(linking)i(C)p Ft(++)d Fu(programs,)g(this)h(option)h Fn(will)g(not)g Fu(resolv)o(e)315 1314 y(references)f(to)e (constructors;)g(to)h(do)g(that,)f(use)i(`)p Ft(-Ur)p Fu('.)315 1380 y(This)g(option)f(do)q(es)h(the)f(same)g(thing)h(as)e(`) p Ft(-i)p Fu('.)75 1458 y Ft(-R)h Fn(\014lename)75 1513 y Ft(--just-symbols=)p Fn(\014lename)315 1568 y Fu(Read)j(sym)o(b)q(ol) f(names)g(and)h(their)f(addresses)g(from)g Fn(\014lename)p Fu(,)h(but)f(do)g(not)g(relo)q(cate)h(it)315 1623 y(or)f(include)j(it)d (in)i(the)e(output.)27 b(This)18 b(allo)o(ws)f(y)o(our)g(output)g (\014le)i(to)e(refer)g(sym)o(b)q(olically)315 1677 y(to)f(absolute)g (lo)q(cations)i(of)e(memory)f(de\014ned)j(in)f(other)f(programs.)23 b(Y)l(ou)16 b(ma)o(y)g(use)h(this)315 1732 y(option)e(more)g(than)g (once.)315 1799 y(F)l(or)21 b(compatibilit)o(y)i(with)f(other)g(ELF)f (link)o(ers,)j(if)e(the)g Ft(-R)g Fu(option)f(is)i(follo)o(w)o(ed)f(b)o (y)f(a)315 1853 y(directory)15 b(name,)g(rather)g(than)g(a)g(\014le)h (name,)f(it)g(is)h(treated)f(as)g(the)g Ft(-rpath)f Fu(option.)75 1931 y Ft(-s)75 1986 y(--strip-all)315 2041 y Fu(Omit)i(all)g(sym)o(b)q (ol)f(information)h(from)e(the)h(output)g(\014le.)75 2119 y Ft(-S)75 2174 y(--strip-debug)315 2228 y Fu(Omit)h(debugger)f (sym)o(b)q(ol)h(information)f(\(but)g(not)g(all)h(sym)o(b)q(ols\))f (from)g(the)g(output)g(\014le.)75 2306 y Ft(-t)75 2361 y(--trace)72 b Fu(Prin)o(t)15 b(the)g(names)h(of)e(the)i(input)g (\014les)g(as)f Ft(ld)g Fu(pro)q(cesses)g(them.)75 2439 y Ft(-T)g Fn(command\014le)75 2494 y Ft(--script=)p Fn(command\014le) 315 2549 y Fu(Read)h(link)g(commands)f(from)f(the)h(\014le)h Fn(command\014le)p Fu(.)21 b(These)15 b(commands)g(replace)h Ft(ld)p Fu('s)315 2604 y(default)23 b(link)g(script)g(\(rather)e(than)h (adding)h(to)f(it\),)i(so)d Fn(command\014le)26 b Fu(m)o(ust)c(sp)q (ecify)315 2658 y(ev)o(erything)14 b(necessary)g(to)f(describ)q(e)j (the)e(target)f(format.)18 b(Y)l(ou)c(m)o(ust)f(use)h(this)g(option)g (if)315 2713 y(y)o(ou)f(w)o(an)o(t)f(to)h(use)h(a)f(command)g(whic)o(h) h(can)g(only)g(app)q(ear)f(once)h(in)g(a)f(link)o(er)i(script,)f(suc)o (h)315 2768 y(as)g(the)h Ft(SECTIONS)f Fu(or)g Ft(MEMORY)g Fu(command.)20 b(See)15 b(Chapter)f(3)h([Commands],)e(page)i(19.)k(If) 315 2823 y Fn(command\014le)i Fu(do)q(es)c(not)g(exist,)g Ft(ld)g Fu(lo)q(oks)h(for)e(it)i(in)g(the)f(directories)h(sp)q (eci\014ed)h(b)o(y)e(an)o(y)315 2878 y(preceding)g(`)p Ft(-L)p Fu(')d(options.)20 b(Multiple)d(`)p Ft(-T)p Fu(')d(options)h (accum)o(ulate.)p eop %%Page: 9 11 9 10 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(2:)k(In)o(v)o(o)q(cation)1337 b(9)75 391 y Ft(-u)15 b Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)75 446 y Ft(--undefined=)p Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)315 500 y Fu(F)l(orce)20 b Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)j Fu(to)c(b)q(e)i(en)o(tered)g(in)g(the)g(output)f(\014le)h(as)f(an)g (unde\014ned)j(sym)o(b)q(ol.)35 b(Do-)315 555 y(ing)16 b(this)g(ma)o(y)l(,)f(for)g(example,)h(trigger)f(linking)j(of)d (additional)i(mo)q(dules)g(from)d(standard)315 610 y(libraries.)25 b(`)p Ft(-u)p Fu(')15 b(ma)o(y)h(b)q(e)h(rep)q(eated)g(with)g (di\013eren)o(t)g(option)f(argumen)o(ts)g(to)g(en)o(ter)g(addi-)315 665 y(tional)g(unde\014ned)h(sym)o(b)q(ols.)75 739 y Ft(-v)75 794 y(--version)75 849 y(-V)192 b Fu(Displa)o(y)22 b(the)g(v)o(ersion)f(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(for)f Ft(ld)p Fu(.)38 b(The)22 b Ft(-V)f Fu(option)h(also)g(lists)g(the)f(supp)q (orted)315 903 y(em)o(ulations.)75 978 y Ft(-x)75 1033 y(--discard-all)315 1087 y Fu(Delete)16 b(all)g(lo)q(cal)g(sym)o(b)q (ols.)75 1162 y Ft(-X)75 1216 y(--discard-locals)315 1271 y Fu(Delete)h(all)g(temp)q(orary)e(lo)q(cal)j(sym)o(b)q(ols.)23 b(F)l(or)16 b(most)f(targets,)g(this)h(is)h(all)g(lo)q(cal)h(sym)o(b)q (ols)315 1326 y(whose)d(names)g(b)q(egin)i(with)e(`)p Ft(L)p Fu('.)75 1400 y Ft(-y)g Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)75 1455 y Ft(--trace-symbol=)p Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)315 1510 y Fu(Prin)o(t)i(the)g (name)g(of)f(eac)o(h)h(link)o(ed)i(\014le)f(in)g(whic)o(h)g Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)h Fu(app)q(ears.)25 b(This)18 b(option)f(ma)o(y)315 1565 y(b)q(e)f(giv)o(en)f(an)o(y)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)g(times.)20 b(On)15 b(man)o(y)g(systems)f(it)i(is)f(necessary)g(to)g(prep)q(end)h (an)315 1620 y(underscore.)315 1684 y(This)e(option)f(is)h(useful)g (when)f(y)o(ou)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(an)g(unde\014ned)i(sym)o(b)q(ol)e(in)h(y) o(our)f(link)h(but)f(don't)315 1739 y(kno)o(w)i(where)g(the)g (reference)h(is)g(coming)g(from.)75 1813 y Ft(-Y)f Fn(path)86 b Fu(Add)22 b Fn(path)f Fu(to)g(the)g(default)h(library)g(searc)o(h)f (path.)38 b(This)22 b(option)g(exists)g(for)e(Solaris)315 1868 y(compatibilit)o(y)l(.)75 1942 y Ft(-z)15 b Fn(k)o(eyw)o(ord)315 1997 y Fu(This)h(option)f(is)h(ignored)g(for)e(Solaris)i(compatibilit)o (y)l(.)75 2071 y Ft(-\()f Fn(arc)o(hiv)o(es)i Ft(-\))75 2126 y(--start-group)c Fn(arc)o(hiv)o(es)18 b Ft(--end-group)315 2181 y Fu(The)f Fn(arc)o(hiv)o(es)i Fu(should)g(b)q(e)e(a)g(list)h(of)f (arc)o(hiv)o(e)g(\014les.)26 b(They)18 b(ma)o(y)e(b)q(e)i(either)g (explicit)h(\014le)315 2236 y(names,)c(or)f(`)p Ft(-l)p Fu(')h(options.)315 2300 y(The)d(sp)q(eci\014ed)h(arc)o(hiv)o(es)f(are) f(searc)o(hed)h(rep)q(eatedly)h(un)o(til)g(no)e(new)h(unde\014ned)h (references)315 2355 y(are)j(created.)24 b(Normally)l(,)18 b(an)e(arc)o(hiv)o(e)h(is)g(searc)o(hed)g(only)g(once)g(in)h(the)e (order)h(that)f(it)g(is)315 2410 y(sp)q(eci\014ed)h(on)d(the)h(command) f(line.)22 b(If)15 b(a)f(sym)o(b)q(ol)h(in)g(that)f(arc)o(hiv)o(e)h(is) g(needed)h(to)e(resolv)o(e)315 2465 y(an)i(unde\014ned)j(sym)o(b)q(ol)e (referred)f(to)g(b)o(y)h(an)f(ob)s(ject)g(in)h(an)g(arc)o(hiv)o(e)g (that)e(app)q(ears)i(later)315 2520 y(on)i(the)f(command)h(line,)i(the) d(link)o(er)i(w)o(ould)f(not)f(b)q(e)i(able)f(to)f(resolv)o(e)h(that)f (reference.)315 2574 y(By)k(grouping)g(the)g(arc)o(hiv)o(es,)i(they)e (all)g(b)q(e)h(searc)o(hed)f(rep)q(eatedly)h(un)o(til)g(all)g(p)q (ossible)315 2629 y(references)16 b(are)f(resolv)o(ed.)315 2694 y(Using)j(this)g(option)g(has)g(a)f(signi\014can)o(t)h(p)q (erformance)g(cost.)27 b(It)18 b(is)g(b)q(est)g(to)f(use)h(it)f(only) 315 2748 y(when)f(there)f(are)g(una)o(v)o(oidable)h(circular)h (references)e(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)h(t)o(w)o(o)e(or)g(more)h(arc)o(hiv)o (es.)75 2823 y Ft(-assert)f Fn(k)o(eyw)o(ord)315 2878 y Fu(This)i(option)f(is)h(ignored)g(for)e(SunOS)j(compatibilit)o(y)l(.) p eop %%Page: 10 12 10 11 bop 75 149 a Fu(10)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 75 391 y Ft(-Bdynamic)75 446 y(-dy)75 500 y(-call_shared)315 555 y Fu(Link)g(against)f(dynamic)h(libraries.)21 b(This)15 b(is)f(only)h(meaningful)g(on)f(platforms)g(for)f(whic)o(h)315 610 y(shared)21 b(libraries)h(are)e(supp)q(orted.)37 b(This)21 b(option)g(is)g(normally)g(the)g(default)g(on)g(suc)o(h)315 665 y(platforms.)e(The)c(di\013eren)o(t)g(v)m(arian)o(ts)g(of)f(this)h (option)g(are)g(for)f(compatibilit)o(y)i(with)f(v)m(ari-)315 720 y(ous)h(systems.)21 b(Y)l(ou)16 b(ma)o(y)f(use)h(this)h(option)f(m) o(ultiple)h(times)f(on)g(the)g(command)g(line:)23 b(it)315 774 y(a\013ects)14 b(library)i(searc)o(hing)g(for)f Ft(-l)f Fu(options)i(whic)o(h)g(follo)o(w)f(it.)75 849 y Ft(-Bstatic)75 904 y(-dn)75 959 y(-non_shared)75 1014 y(-static)72 b Fu(Do)16 b(not)g(link)i(against)e(shared)h(libraries.)26 b(This)17 b(is)g(only)g(meaningful)h(on)f(platforms)f(for)315 1068 y(whic)o(h)h(shared)g(libraries)h(are)e(supp)q(orted.)24 b(The)17 b(di\013eren)o(t)f(v)m(arian)o(ts)h(of)f(this)h(option)f(are) 315 1123 y(for)d(compatibilit)o(y)i(with)f(v)m(arious)g(systems.)k(Y)l (ou)c(ma)o(y)f(use)h(this)g(option)f(m)o(ultiple)j(times)315 1178 y(on)d(the)h(command)g(line:)20 b(it)14 b(a\013ects)f(library)h (searc)o(hing)g(for)f Ft(-l)g Fu(options)h(whic)o(h)g(follo)o(w)g(it.) 75 1253 y Ft(-Bsymbolic)315 1308 y Fu(When)j(creating)g(a)f(shared)h (library)l(,)h(bind)g(references)g(to)e(global)h(sym)o(b)q(ols)g(to)f (the)h(de\014-)315 1362 y(nition)h(within)g(the)e(shared)h(library)l(,) g(if)g(an)o(y)l(.)24 b(Normally)l(,)18 b(it)e(is)i(p)q(ossible)g(for)e (a)g(program)315 1417 y(link)o(ed)j(against)e(a)g(shared)g(library)i (to)d(o)o(v)o(erride)i(the)f(de\014nition)i(within)g(the)e(shared)h (li-)315 1472 y(brary)l(.)i(This)c(option)f(is)h(only)g(meaningful)g (on)f(ELF)h(platforms)e(whic)o(h)i(supp)q(ort)g(shared)315 1527 y(libraries.)75 1602 y Ft(--cref)96 b Fu(Output)22 b(a)e(cross)h(reference)h(table.)38 b(If)22 b(a)f(link)o(er)h(map)f (\014le)h(is)g(b)q(eing)h(generated,)f(the)315 1657 y(cross)15 b(reference)i(table)f(is)h(prin)o(ted)f(to)g(the)g(map)f(\014le.)23 b(Otherwise,)17 b(it)f(is)g(prin)o(ted)h(on)f(the)315 1711 y(standard)f(output.)315 1776 y(The)c(format)e(of)h(the)h(table)g (is)g(in)o(ten)o(tionally)i(simple,)f(so)f(that)e(it)i(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)i (easily)f(pro)q(cessed)315 1831 y(b)o(y)i(a)g(script)g(if)h(necessary)l (.)19 b(The)14 b(sym)o(b)q(ols)f(are)g(prin)o(ted)h(out,)f(sorted)f(b)o (y)h(name.)19 b(F)l(or)13 b(eac)o(h)315 1886 y(sym)o(b)q(ol,)h(a)g (list)h(of)f(\014le)i(names)e(is)g(giv)o(en.)21 b(If)14 b(the)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)h(is)g(de\014ned,)g(the)g(\014rst)e(\014le)j (listed)315 1941 y(is)i(the)f(lo)q(cation)h(of)f(the)g(de\014nition.)28 b(The)18 b(remaining)g(\014les)g(con)o(tain)f(references)h(to)f(the)315 1995 y(sym)o(b)q(ol.)75 2070 y Ft(--defsym)d Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)r Ft(=)p Fn(expression)315 2125 y Fu(Create)f(a)f(global)i(sym)o(b)q(ol)g (in)f(the)h(output)f(\014le,)h(con)o(taining)g(the)f(absolute)g (address)g(giv)o(en)315 2180 y(b)o(y)k Fn(expression)p Fu(.)27 b(Y)l(ou)17 b(ma)o(y)g(use)g(this)h(option)f(as)g(man)o(y)g (times)g(as)g(necessary)g(to)g(de\014ne)315 2235 y(m)o(ultiple)k(sym)o (b)q(ols)e(in)h(the)g(command)f(line.)33 b(A)19 b(limited)i(form)d(of)h (arithmetic)h(is)f(sup-)315 2289 y(p)q(orted)14 b(for)f(the)h Fn(expression)h Fu(in)f(this)h(con)o(text:)j(y)o(ou)c(ma)o(y)f(giv)o(e) h(a)f(hexadecimal)j(constan)o(t)315 2344 y(or)f(the)g(name)g(of)g(an)g (existing)i(sym)o(b)q(ol,)e(or)f(use)i Ft(+)f Fu(and)h Ft(-)f Fu(to)f(add)i(or)e(subtract)h(hexadec-)315 2399 y(imal)20 b(constan)o(ts)e(or)h(sym)o(b)q(ols.)32 b(If)20 b(y)o(ou)f(need)h(more)f(elab)q(orate)g(expressions,)i(consider)315 2454 y(using)g(the)e(link)o(er)i(command)f(language)g(from)f(a)h (script)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.2.6)f([Assign-)315 2509 y(men)o(t:)28 b(Sym)o(b)q(ol)20 b(De\014nitions],)h(page)e(22\).)32 b Fn(Note:)c Fu(there)20 b(should)g(b)q(e)g(no)g(white)g(space)315 2563 y(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)c Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)p Fu(,)f(the)g(equals)h(sign) g(\(\\)1010 2561 y Fm(h)p 1021 2535 28 2 v 1021 2563 a Fl(=)p 1021 2571 V 1046 2561 a Fm(i)1061 2563 y Fu("\),)e(and)i Fn(expression)p Fu(.)75 2638 y Ft(--dynamic-linker)d Fn(\014le)315 2693 y Fu(Set)j(the)h(name)f(of)g(the)h(dynamic)g(link)o (er.)24 b(This)17 b(is)g(only)g(meaningful)h(when)f(generating)315 2748 y(dynamically)j(link)o(ed)f(ELF)f(executables.)30 b(The)18 b(default)h(dynamic)g(link)o(er)g(is)f(normally)315 2803 y(correct;)c(don't)h(use)h(this)f(unless)i(y)o(ou)d(kno)o(w)h (what)g(y)o(ou)g(are)g(doing.)75 2878 y Ft(-EB)168 b Fu(Link)16 b(big-endian)i(ob)s(jects.)h(This)d(a\013ects)e(the)h (default)h(output)f(format.)p eop %%Page: 11 13 11 12 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(2:)k(In)o(v)o(o)q(cation)1315 b(11)75 391 y Ft(-EL)168 b Fu(Link)16 b(little-endian)i(ob)s(jects.)i (This)c(a\013ects)e(the)h(default)h(output)f(format.)75 475 y Ft(--embedded-relocs)315 530 y Fu(This)j(option)g(is)g(only)g (meaningful)h(when)f(linking)i(MIPS)e(em)o(b)q(edded)h(PIC)e(co)q(de,)i (gen-)315 585 y(erated)f(b)o(y)f(the)h(-mem)o(b)q(edded-pic)i(option)e (to)f(the)h Fo(gnu)g Fu(compiler)g(and)g(assem)o(bler.)28 b(It)315 639 y(causes)19 b(the)f(link)o(er)h(to)f(create)g(a)g(table)h (whic)o(h)g(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)h(used)g(at)e(run)o(time)i(to)f(relo)q(cate) 315 694 y(an)o(y)j(data)f(whic)o(h)i(w)o(as)e(statically)i(initialized) i(to)c(p)q(oin)o(ter)i(v)m(alues.)38 b(See)22 b(the)f(co)q(de)g(in)315 749 y(testsuite/ld-empic)c(for)e(details.)75 833 y Ft(--help)96 b Fu(Prin)o(t)12 b(a)h(summary)f(of)g(the)g(command-line)i(options)f (on)f(the)h(standard)f(output)g(and)h(exit.)75 918 y Ft(-Map)i Fn(map\014le)315 972 y Fu(Prin)o(t)20 b(a)g(link)i(map)e(to)f (the)i(\014le)g Fn(map\014le)p Fu(.)36 b(See)21 b(the)f(description)i (of)e(the)g(`)p Ft(-M)p Fu(')f(option,)315 1027 y(ab)q(o)o(v)o(e.)75 1112 y Ft(--no-keep-memory)315 1166 y(ld)i Fu(normally)h(optimizes)g (for)f(sp)q(eed)h(o)o(v)o(er)f(memory)g(usage)g(b)o(y)g(cac)o(hing)h (the)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)315 1221 y(tables)e(of)f(input)i(\014les)f(in)h (memory)l(.)33 b(This)20 b(option)g(tells)g Ft(ld)g Fu(to)f(instead)h (optimize)h(for)315 1276 y(memory)h(usage,)i(b)o(y)f(rereading)g(the)g (sym)o(b)q(ol)g(tables)g(as)f(necessary)l(.)43 b(This)23 b(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)315 1331 y(required)16 b(if)g Ft(ld)f Fu(runs)g(out)g(of)g(memory)f(space)i(while)h(linking)g(a)e(large)g (executable.)75 1415 y Ft(--no-warn-mismatch)315 1470 y Fu(Normally)k Ft(ld)f Fu(will)h(giv)o(e)g(an)f(error)g(if)g(y)o(ou)g (try)g(to)f(link)j(together)d(input)j(\014les)f(that)e(are)315 1525 y(mismatc)o(hed)22 b(for)g(some)g(reason,)h(p)q(erhaps)g(b)q (ecause)g(they)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(b)q(een)h(compiled)h(for)315 1579 y(di\013eren)o(t)19 b(pro)q(cessors)f(or)g(for)g(di\013eren)o(t)g (endiannesses.)32 b(This)19 b(option)f(tells)i Ft(ld)e Fu(that)g(it)315 1634 y(should)i(silen)o(tly)h(p)q(ermit)f(suc)o(h)f(p) q(ossible)i(errors.)31 b(This)19 b(option)h(should)g(only)g(b)q(e)f (used)315 1689 y(with)d(care,)g(in)g(cases)g(when)g(y)o(ou)g(ha)o(v)o (e)f(tak)o(en)g(some)h(sp)q(ecial)h(action)f(that)f(ensures)i(that)315 1744 y(the)e(link)o(er)i(errors)d(are)h(inappropriate.)75 1828 y Ft(--no-whole-archive)315 1883 y Fu(T)l(urn)g(o\013)f(the)g (e\013ect)h(of)f(the)h Ft(--whole-archive)d Fu(option)j(for)f (subsequen)o(t)h(arc)o(hiv)o(e)g(\014les.)75 1967 y Ft (--noinhibit-exec)315 2022 y Fu(Retain)d(the)f(executable)i(output)e (\014le)h(whenev)o(er)f(it)h(is)f(still)i(usable.)19 b(Normally)l(,)13 b(the)e(link)o(er)315 2077 y(will)19 b(not)d(pro)q(duce)i(an)f(output)g(\014le)h(if)g(it)f(encoun)o(ters)g (errors)g(during)g(the)h(link)g(pro)q(cess;)315 2132 y(it)d(exits)h(without)f(writing)h(an)f(output)g(\014le)h(when)g(it)f (issues)h(an)o(y)f(error)g(whatso)q(ev)o(er.)75 2216 y Ft(--oformat)f 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y(with)16 b(`)p Ft(objdump)e(-i)p Fu('.\))22 b(The)16 b(script)h(command)f Ft(OUTPUT_FORMAT)e Fu(can)i(also)g(sp)q (ecify)i(the)315 2709 y(output)d(format,)e(but)j(this)f(option)h(o)o(v) o(errides)f(it.)20 b(See)c(Chapter)f(5)g([BFD],)e(page)i(47.)75 2793 y Ft(-qmagic)72 b Fu(This)16 b(option)f(is)h(ignored)g(for)e(Lin)o (ux)j(compatibilit)o(y)l(.)75 2878 y Ft(-Qy)168 b Fu(This)16 b(option)f(is)h(ignored)g(for)e(SVR4)i(compatibilit)o(y)l(.)p eop %%Page: 12 14 12 13 bop 75 149 a Fu(12)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 75 391 y Ft(--relax)72 b Fu(An)15 b(option)g(with)h(mac)o(hine)f(dep)q (enden)o(t)i(e\013ects.)i(This)d(option)f(is)g(only)h(supp)q(orted)f (on)g(a)315 446 y(few)g(targets.)20 b(See)c(Section)h(4.1)d([)p Ft(ld)h Fu(and)h(the)g(H8/300],)d(page)j(45.)k(See)d(Section)f(4.2)f([) p Ft(ld)315 500 y Fu(and)g(the)h(In)o(tel)g(960)e(family],)h(page)g (45.)315 565 y(On)20 b(some)f(platforms,)g(the)g(`)p Ft(--relax)p Fu(')f(option)h(p)q(erforms)g(global)h(optimizations)g (that)315 619 y(b)q(ecome)g(p)q(ossible)h(when)e(the)g(link)o(er)i (resolv)o(es)e(addressing)g(in)h(the)f(program,)g(suc)o(h)g(as)315 674 y(relaxing)d(address)f(mo)q(des)g(and)g(syn)o(thesizing)h(new)f (instructions)g(in)h(the)f(output)g(ob)s(ject)315 729 y(\014le.)315 793 y(On)h(platforms)e(where)i(this)f(is)h(not)f(supp)q (orted,)g(`)p Ft(--relax)p Fu(')f(is)i(accepted,)f(but)g(ignored.)75 866 y Ft(--retain-symbols-file)d Fn(\014lename)315 921 y Fu(Retain)18 b Fn(only)k Fu(the)c(sym)o(b)q(ols)f(listed)i(in)f(the)g (\014le)g Fn(\014lename)p Fu(,)h(discarding)f(all)h(others.)26 b Fn(\014le-)315 976 y(name)18 b Fu(is)e(simply)g(a)f(\015at)g(\014le,) h(with)g(one)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)f(name)h(p)q(er)g(line.)22 b(This)16 b(option)f(is)h(esp)q(e-)315 1031 y(cially)k(useful)f(in)g (en)o(vironmen)o(ts)f(\(suc)o(h)g(as)f(VxW)l(orks\))g(where)h(a)g (large)g(global)h(sym)o(b)q(ol)315 1086 y(table)d(is)f(accum)o(ulated)h (gradually)l(,)g(to)f(conserv)o(e)g(run-time)h(memory)l(.)315 1150 y(`)p Ft(--retain-symbols-file)p Fu(')21 b(do)q(es)k Fn(not)h Fu(discard)f(unde\014ned)i(sym)o(b)q(ols,)g(or)e(sym)o(b)q (ols)315 1205 y(needed)17 b(for)d(relo)q(cations.)315 1269 y(Y)l(ou)h(ma)o(y)f(only)i(sp)q(ecify)g(`)p Ft (--retain-symbols-file)p Fu(')11 b(once)k(in)h(the)f(command)f(line.)22 b(It)315 1323 y(o)o(v)o(errides)15 b(`)p Ft(-s)p Fu(')f(and)i(`)p Ft(-S)p Fu('.)75 1397 y Ft(-rpath)e Fn(dir)315 1452 y Fu(Add)e(a)e(directory)i(to)e(the)h(run)o(time)h(library)f(searc)o(h)g (path.)19 b(This)11 b(is)h(used)f(when)h(linking)h(an)315 1507 y(ELF)k(executable)h(with)g(shared)f(ob)s(jects.)25 b(All)19 b Ft(-rpath)d Fu(argumen)o(ts)g(are)h(concatenated)315 1561 y(and)f(passed)h(to)e(the)h(run)o(time)h(link)o(er,)g(whic)o(h)g (uses)g(them)f(to)f(lo)q(cate)i(shared)f(ob)s(jects)g(at)315 1616 y(run)o(time.)28 b(The)17 b Ft(-rpath)g Fu(option)h(is)g(also)g (used)g(when)g(lo)q(cating)g(shared)g(ob)s(jects)f(whic)o(h)315 1671 y(are)d(needed)h(b)o(y)f(shared)h(ob)s(jects)e(explicitly)k (included)g(in)e(the)f(link;)i(see)e(the)g(description)315 1726 y(of)k(the)g Ft(-rpath-link)e Fu(option.)29 b(If)18 b Ft(-rpath)g Fu(is)g(not)g(used)h(when)f(linking)i(an)e(ELF)g(exe-)315 1780 y(cutable,)f(the)g(con)o(ten)o(ts)e(of)h(the)h(en)o(vironmen)o(t)f (v)m(ariable)i Ft(LD_RUN_PATH)d Fu(will)j(b)q(e)f(used)f(if)315 1835 y(it)f(is)h(de\014ned.)315 1899 y(The)k Ft(-rpath)e Fu(option)i(ma)o(y)f(also)g(b)q(e)i(used)f(on)f(SunOS.)i(By)e(default,) i(on)e(SunOS,)i(the)315 1954 y(link)o(er)15 b(will)g(form)e(a)h(run)o (time)g(searc)o(h)g(patc)o(h)f(out)h(of)f(all)i(the)f Ft(-L)f Fu(options)h(it)g(is)g(giv)o(en.)20 b(If)14 b(a)315 2009 y Ft(-rpath)e Fu(option)h(is)h(used,)f(the)g(run)o(time)h(searc)o (h)e(path)h(will)i(b)q(e)e(formed)g(exclusiv)o(ely)i(using)315 2064 y(the)k Ft(-rpath)f Fu(options,)i(ignoring)g(the)f Ft(-L)g Fu(options.)31 b(This)20 b(can)f(b)q(e)h(useful)g(when)f(using) 315 2119 y(gcc,)c(whic)o(h)h(adds)f(man)o(y)g Ft(-L)g Fu(options)g(whic)o(h)h(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)h(on)f(NFS)g(moun)o(ted)g (\014lesystems.)315 2183 y(F)l(or)21 b(compatibilit)o(y)i(with)f(other) g(ELF)f(link)o(ers,)j(if)e(the)g Ft(-R)g Fu(option)f(is)i(follo)o(w)o (ed)f(b)o(y)f(a)315 2238 y(directory)15 b(name,)g(rather)g(than)g(a)g (\014le)h(name,)f(it)g(is)h(treated)f(as)g(the)g Ft(-rpath)f Fu(option.)75 2311 y Ft(-rpath-link)g Fn(DIR)315 2366 y Fu(When)22 b(using)g(ELF)g(or)f(SunOS,)i(one)f(shared)g(library)g(ma) o(y)f(require)h(another.)39 b(This)315 2421 y(happ)q(ens)15 b(when)g(an)f Ft(ld)h(-shared)e Fu(link)i(includes)i(a)c(shared)h (library)h(as)f(one)g(of)g(the)g(input)315 2475 y(\014les.)315 2539 y(When)h(the)g(link)o(er)h(encoun)o(ters)f(suc)o(h)g(a)f(dep)q (endency)j(when)e(doing)g(a)g(non-shared,)g(non-)315 2594 y(relo)q(cateable)h(link,)f(it)g(will)h(automatically)f(try)f(to)g (lo)q(cate)h(the)f(required)i(shared)e(library)315 2649 y(and)19 b(include)h(it)f(in)h(the)e(link,)i(if)f(it)g(is)g(not)f (included)j(explicitly)l(.)33 b(In)19 b(suc)o(h)g(a)f(case,)h(the)315 2704 y Ft(-rpath-link)12 b Fu(option)h(sp)q(eci\014es)i(the)e(\014rst)g (set)f(of)h(directories)h(to)f(searc)o(h.)19 b(The)13 b Ft(-rpath-)315 2759 y(link)j Fu(option)i(ma)o(y)e(sp)q(ecify)j(a)d (sequence)j(of)d(directory)h(names)g(either)h(b)o(y)f(sp)q(ecifying)i (a)315 2813 y(list)d(of)f(names)g(separated)g(b)o(y)g(colons,)g(or)g(b) o(y)g(app)q(earing)h(m)o(ultiple)h(times.)315 2878 y(The)e(link)o(er)i (uses)e(the)h(follo)o(wing)f(searc)o(h)g(paths)g(to)g(lo)q(cate)h (required)g(shared)f(libraries.)p eop %%Page: 13 15 13 14 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(2:)k(In)o(v)o(o)q(cation)1315 b(13)340 391 y(1.)29 b(An)o(y)15 b(directories)h(sp)q(eci\014ed)i(b)o (y)d Ft(-rpath-link)f Fu(options.)340 458 y(2.)29 b(An)o(y)22 b(directories)h(sp)q(eci\014ed)h(b)o(y)e Ft(-rpath)f Fu(options.)40 b(The)23 b(di\013erence)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)f Ft(-)405 513 y(rpath)12 b Fu(and)i Ft(-rpath-link)e Fu(is)h(that)g (directories)h(sp)q(eci\014ed)h(b)o(y)f Ft(-rpath)e Fu(options)h(are) 405 568 y(included)k(in)e(the)f(executable)h(and)g(used)f(at)g(run)o (time,)g(whereas)g(the)h Ft(-rpath-link)405 623 y Fu(option)g(is)h (only)g(e\013ectiv)o(e)f(at)g(link)i(time.)340 690 y(3.)29 b(On)15 b(an)g(ELF)g(system,)f(if)i(the)f Ft(-rpath)f Fu(and)h Ft(rpath-link)e Fu(options)j(w)o(ere)e(not)h(used,)405 745 y(searc)o(h)g(the)g(con)o(ten)o(ts)g(of)g(the)g(en)o(vironmen)o(t)g (v)m(ariable)i Ft(LD_RUN_PATH)p Fu(.)340 812 y(4.)29 b(On)14 b(SunOS,)h(if)f(the)g Ft(-rpath)e Fu(option)i(w)o(as)f(not)g (used,)i(searc)o(h)e(an)o(y)g(directories)i(sp)q(ec-)405 867 y(i\014ed)h(using)g Ft(-L)f Fu(options.)340 935 y(5.)29 b(F)l(or)14 b(a)g(nativ)o(e)h(link)o(er,)g(the)g(con)o(ten)o(ts)e(of)h (the)h(en)o(vironmen)o(t)g(v)m(ariable)h Ft(LD_LIBRARY_)405 989 y(PATH)p Fu(.)340 1057 y(6.)29 b(The)15 b(default)h(directories,)g (normally)g(`)p Ft(/lib)p Fu(')e(and)h(`)p Ft(/usr/lib)p Fu('.)315 1137 y(If)i(the)f(required)h(shared)g(library)g(is)f(not)g (found,)h(the)f(link)o(er)i(will)f(issue)h(a)e(w)o(arning)g(and)315 1192 y(con)o(tin)o(ue)g(with)f(the)h(link.)75 1272 y Ft(-shared)75 1326 y(-Bshareable)315 1381 y Fu(Create)k(a)g(shared)h (library)l(.)38 b(This)21 b(is)g(curren)o(tly)g(only)g(supp)q(orted)h (on)e(ELF,)h(X)o(COFF)315 1436 y(and)14 b(SunOS)g(platforms.)19 b(On)14 b(SunOS,)g(the)f(link)o(er)i(will)g(automatically)f(create)f(a) g(shared)315 1491 y(library)i(if)f(the)g Ft(-e)f Fu(option)h(is)g(not)f (used)i(and)f(there)f(are)h(unde\014ned)h(sym)o(b)q(ols)g(in)f(the)g (link.)75 1571 y Ft(--sort-common)315 1626 y Fu(This)k(option)f(tells)h Ft(ld)f Fu(to)f(sort)h(the)g(common)g(sym)o(b)q(ols)g(b)o(y)g(size)h (when)g(it)f(places)h(them)315 1681 y(in)f(the)g(appropriate)g(output)f (sections.)25 b(First)16 b(come)g(all)i(the)f(one)f(b)o(yte)h(sym)o(b)q (ols,)g(then)315 1735 y(all)g(the)g(t)o(w)o(o)e(b)o(ytes,)h(then)h(all) g(the)f(four)g(b)o(ytes,)g(and)h(then)g(ev)o(erything)f(else.)25 b(This)17 b(is)g(to)315 1790 y(prev)o(en)o(t)e(gaps)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een) g(sym)o(b)q(ols)h(due)g(to)e(alignmen)o(t)i(constrain)o(ts.)75 1870 y Ft(--split-by-file)315 1925 y Fu(Similar)h(to)e Ft(--split-by-reloc)f Fu(but)i(creates)f(a)g(new)h(output)g(section)g (for)f(eac)o(h)h(input)315 1980 y(\014le.)75 2060 y Ft (--split-by-reloc)d Fn(coun)o(t)315 2115 y Fu(T)l(rys)g(to)g(creates)h (extra)f(sections)h(in)g(the)g(output)g(\014le)g(so)f(that)g(no)h (single)h(output)e(section)315 2169 y(in)h(the)g(\014le)g(con)o(tains)f (more)g(than)h Fn(coun)o(t)g Fu(relo)q(cations.)20 b(This)14 b(is)g(useful)g(when)g(generating)315 2224 y(h)o(uge)g(relo)q(catable)i (for)e(do)o(wnloading)h(in)o(to)f(certain)h(real)g(time)f(k)o(ernels)h (with)g(the)f(COFF)315 2279 y(ob)s(ject)e(\014le)i(format;)e(since)i (COFF)e(cannot)h(represen)o(t)f(more)h(than)f(65535)g(relo)q(cations)h (in)315 2334 y(a)i(single)i(section.)k(Note)15 b(that)g(this)h(will)h (fail)f(to)f(w)o(ork)g(with)h(ob)s(ject)f(\014le)h(formats)e(whic)o(h) 315 2389 y(do)h(not)f(supp)q(ort)h(arbitrary)f(sections.)20 b(The)15 b(link)o(er)h(will)g(not)e(split)i(up)f(individual)j(input)315 2443 y(sections)c(for)f(redistribution,)i(so)e(if)h(a)f(single)i(input) f(section)g(con)o(tains)g(more)f(than)g Fn(coun)o(t)315 2498 y Fu(relo)q(cations)j(one)f(output)g(section)h(will)h(con)o(tain)e (that)g(man)o(y)f(relo)q(cations.)75 2578 y Ft(--stats)72 b Fu(Compute)16 b(and)g(displa)o(y)h(statistics)g(ab)q(out)f(the)g(op)q (eration)g(of)g(the)g(link)o(er,)h(suc)o(h)g(as)e(exe-)315 2633 y(cution)h(time)f(and)h(memory)e(usage.)75 2713 y Ft(--traditional-format)315 2768 y Fu(F)l(or)j(some)h(targets,)e(the) i(output)g(of)f Ft(ld)g Fu(is)i(di\013eren)o(t)f(in)g(some)g(w)o(a)o (ys)e(from)h(the)h(output)315 2823 y(of)f(some)g(existing)h(link)o(er.) 27 b(This)18 b(switc)o(h)g(requests)f Ft(ld)g Fu(to)f(use)i(the)f (traditional)h(format)315 2878 y(instead.)p eop %%Page: 14 16 14 15 bop 75 149 a Fu(14)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 315 391 y(F)l(or)20 b(example,)i(on)e(SunOS,)h Ft(ld)g Fu(com)o(bines)g(duplicate)h(en)o(tries)f(in)g(the)f(sym)o(b)q(ol)h (string)315 446 y(table.)e(This)13 b(can)g(reduce)g(the)f(size)i(of)d (an)i(output)f(\014le)h(with)g(full)h(debugging)f(information)315 500 y(b)o(y)k(o)o(v)o(er)g(30)f(p)q(ercen)o(t.)27 b(Unfortunately)l(,) 18 b(the)f(SunOS)h Ft(dbx)f Fu(program)f(can)i(not)f(read)g(the)315 555 y(resulting)h(program)d(\()p Ft(gdb)h Fu(has)g(no)h(trouble\).)24 b(The)17 b(`)p Ft(--traditional-format)p Fu(')c(switc)o(h)315 610 y(tells)j Ft(ld)f Fu(to)g(not)f(com)o(bine)i(duplicate)h(en)o (tries.)75 691 y Ft(-Tbss)d Fn(org)75 746 y Ft(-Tdata)g Fn(org)75 801 y Ft(-Ttext)g Fn(org)315 856 y Fu(Use)j Fn(org)i Fu(as)e(the)f(starting)g(address)h(for|resp)q(ectiv)o(ely|the) i Ft(bss)p Fu(,)d Ft(data)p Fu(,)g(or)g(the)h Ft(text)315 910 y Fu(segmen)o(t)e(of)g(the)h(output)f(\014le.)22 b Fn(org)d Fu(m)o(ust)c(b)q(e)h(a)f(single)i(hexadecimal)h(in)o(teger;) d(for)g(com-)315 965 y(patibilit)o(y)j(with)f(other)f(link)o(ers,)h(y)o (ou)f(ma)o(y)g(omit)g(the)h(leading)h(`)p Ft(0x)p Fu(')d(usually)j (asso)q(ciated)315 1020 y(with)e(hexadecimal)g(v)m(alues.)75 1101 y Ft(-Ur)168 b Fu(F)l(or)12 b(an)o(ything)i(other)e(than)h(C)p Ft(++)g Fu(programs,)f(this)h(option)h(is)f(equiv)m(alen)o(t)i(to)e(`)p Ft(-r)p Fu(':)k(it)d(gen-)315 1156 y(erates)f(relo)q(catable)i (output|i.e.,)e(an)h(output)f(\014le)i(that)e(can)h(in)g(turn)f(serv)o (e)h(as)f(input)i(to)315 1211 y Ft(ld)p Fu(.)20 b(When)c(linking)h(C)p Ft(++)e Fu(programs,)f(`)p Ft(-Ur)p Fu(')g Fn(do)q(es)k Fu(resolv)o(e)d(references)h(to)f(constructors,)315 1266 y(unlik)o(e)j(`)p Ft(-r)p Fu('.)24 b(It)17 b(do)q(es)g(not)g(w)o(ork)f (to)g(use)h(`)p Ft(-Ur)p Fu(')f(on)g(\014les)i(that)e(w)o(ere)h (themselv)o(es)g(link)o(ed)315 1320 y(with)i(`)p Ft(-Ur)p Fu(';)f(once)h(the)f(constructor)g(table)g(has)h(b)q(een)g(built,)h(it) f(cannot)f(b)q(e)h(added)g(to.)315 1375 y(Use)c(`)p Ft(-Ur)p Fu(')f(only)i(for)f(the)g(last)g(partial)h(link,)g(and)f(`)p Ft(-r)p Fu(')f(for)h(the)g(others.)75 1457 y Ft(--verbose)315 1511 y Fu(Displa)o(y)21 b(the)f(v)o(ersion)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(for)e Ft(ld)h Fu(and)h(list)g(the)f(link)o(er)i(em)o(ulations)f(supp)q (orted.)315 1566 y(Displa)o(y)c(whic)o(h)g(input)h(\014les)f(can)g(and) g(cannot)f(b)q(e)h(op)q(ened.)25 b(Displa)o(y)17 b(the)g(link)o(er)h (script)315 1621 y(if)e(using)g(a)e(default)i(builtin)i(script.)75 1689 y Ft(--version-script=)p Fn(v)o(ersion-script\014le)315 1744 y Fu(Sp)q(ecify)g(the)e(name)g(of)f(a)h(v)o(ersion)g(script)g(to)f (the)h(link)o(er.)24 b(This)16 b(is)h(t)o(ypically)g(used)f(when)315 1799 y(creating)21 b(shared)g(libraries)i(to)d(sp)q(ecify)i(additional) h(information)e(ab)q(out)g(the)g(v)o(ersion)315 1853 y(heirarc)o(h)o(y)i(for)f(the)g(library)h(b)q(eing)h(created.)42 b(This)23 b(option)f(is)h(only)g(meaningful)h(on)315 1908 y(ELF)14 b(platforms)f(whic)o(h)h(supp)q(ort)g(shared)g (libraries.)21 b(See)14 b(Section)g(3.7)f([V)l(ersion)h(Script],)315 1963 y(page)h(38.)75 2044 y Ft(--warn-common)315 2099 y Fu(W)l(arn)k(when)h(a)f(common)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(is)h(com)o(bined)g (with)g(another)f(common)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(or)315 2154 y(with)h(a)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)h(de\014nition.)36 b(Unix)21 b(link)o(ers)g(allo)o(w)f(this)h(somewhat)e(slopp)o(y)i(practice,)315 2209 y(but)15 b(link)o(ers)h(on)f(some)f(other)h(op)q(erating)g (systems)f(do)h(not.)k(This)d(option)f(allo)o(ws)g(y)o(ou)g(to)315 2263 y(\014nd)k(p)q(oten)o(tial)g(problems)f(from)g(com)o(bining)h (global)g(sym)o(b)q(ols.)28 b(Unfortunately)l(,)19 b(some)315 2318 y(C)e(libraries)h(use)g(this)f(practice,)h(so)e(y)o(ou)h(ma)o(y)f (get)h(some)f(w)o(arnings)h(ab)q(out)g(sym)o(b)q(ols)g(in)315 2373 y(the)e(libraries)i(as)e(w)o(ell)h(as)f(in)h(y)o(our)f(programs.) 315 2441 y(There)g(are)g(three)h(kinds)g(of)f(global)g(sym)o(b)q(ols,)h (illustrated)g(here)g(b)o(y)f(C)g(examples:)315 2522 y(`)p Ft(int)f(i)h(=)g(1;)p Fu(')555 2577 y(A)d(de\014nition,)i(whic)o (h)f(go)q(es)f(in)h(the)f(initialized)j(data)d(section)g(of)g(the)g (output)555 2632 y(\014le.)315 2713 y(`)p Ft(extern)i(int)h(i;)p Fu(')555 2768 y(An)f(unde\014ned)h(reference,)f(whic)o(h)g(do)q(es)g (not)f(allo)q(cate)h(space.)20 b(There)14 b(m)o(ust)555 2823 y(b)q(e)k(either)h(a)e(de\014nition)i(or)e(a)g(common)h(sym)o(b)q (ol)g(for)f(the)g(v)m(ariable)i(some-)555 2878 y(where.)p eop %%Page: 15 17 15 16 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(2:)k(In)o(v)o(o)q(cation)1315 b(15)315 391 y(`)p Ft(int)14 b(i;)p Fu(')80 b(A)10 b(common)g(sym)o(b)q (ol.)19 b(If)11 b(there)f(are)g(only)h(\(one)f(or)g(more\))g(common)g (sym)o(b)q(ols)555 446 y(for)g(a)g(v)m(ariable,)j(it)d(go)q(es)h(in)g (the)g(uninitialize)q(d)i(data)d(area)g(of)g(the)h(output)f(\014le.)555 500 y(The)15 b(link)o(er)h(merges)f(m)o(ultiple)i(common)d(sym)o(b)q (ols)i(for)e(the)h(same)g(v)m(ariable)555 555 y(in)o(to)c(a)g(single)h (sym)o(b)q(ol.)19 b(If)11 b(they)g(are)g(of)g(di\013eren)o(t)g(sizes,)h (it)f(pic)o(ks)h(the)f(largest)555 610 y(size.)20 b(The)14 b(link)o(er)g(turns)g(a)f(common)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(in)o(to)h(a)f (declaration,)h(if)g(there)555 665 y(is)i(a)f(de\014nition)i(of)d(the)i (same)f(v)m(ariable.)315 747 y(The)f(`)p Ft(--warn-common)p Fu(')c(option)k(can)g(pro)q(duce)g(\014v)o(e)f(kinds)i(of)e(w)o (arnings.)19 b(Eac)o(h)13 b(w)o(arning)315 801 y(consists)j(of)f(a)g (pair)i(of)e(lines:)22 b(the)16 b(\014rst)f(describ)q(es)i(the)f(sym)o (b)q(ol)g(just)g(encoun)o(tered,)g(and)315 856 y(the)21 b(second)h(describ)q(es)g(the)f(previous)h(sym)o(b)q(ol)f(encoun)o (tered)h(with)g(the)f(same)f(name.)315 911 y(One)c(or)f(b)q(oth)g(of)g (the)g(t)o(w)o(o)f(sym)o(b)q(ols)h(will)i(b)q(e)f(a)f(common)g(sym)o(b) q(ol.)340 979 y(1.)29 b(T)l(urning)23 b(a)e(common)h(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(in) o(to)g(a)f(reference,)j(b)q(ecause)f(there)f(is)g(already)g(a)405 1034 y(de\014nition)17 b(for)e(the)g(sym)o(b)q(ol.)525 1099 y Fn(\014le)s Ft(\()p Fn(section)p Ft(\):)25 b(warning:)d(common)i (of)f(`)p Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)r Ft(')597 1151 y(overridden)f(by)i (definition)525 1203 y Fn(\014le)s Ft(\()p Fn(section)p Ft(\):)h(warning:)d(defined)h(here)340 1271 y Fu(2.)29 b(T)l(urning)18 b(a)e(common)h(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(in)o(to)g(a)g(reference,) g(b)q(ecause)h(a)f(later)g(de\014nition)i(for)405 1326 y(the)e(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(is)h(encoun)o(tered.)26 b(This)18 b(is)f(the)g(same)g(as)g(the)g(previous)g(case,)g(except)405 1381 y(that)d(the)i(sym)o(b)q(ols)f(are)g(encoun)o(tered)h(in)g(a)f (di\013eren)o(t)g(order.)525 1446 y Fn(\014le)s Ft(\()p Fn(section)p Ft(\):)25 b(warning:)d(definition)h(of)h(`)p Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)r Ft(')597 1498 y(overriding)e(common)525 1550 y Fn(\014le)s Ft(\()p Fn(section)p Ft(\):)j(warning:)d(common)i (is)f(here)340 1618 y Fu(3.)29 b(Merging)15 b(a)g(common)g(sym)o(b)q (ol)g(with)h(a)f(previous)h(same-sized)g(common)f(sym)o(b)q(ol.)525 1684 y Fn(\014le)s Ft(\()p Fn(section)p Ft(\):)25 b(warning:)d (multiple)h(common)597 1736 y(of)g(`)p Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)r Ft(')525 1787 y Fn(\014le)s Ft(\()p Fn(section)p Ft(\):)i(warning:)d (previous)h(common)g(is)h(here)340 1856 y Fu(4.)29 b(Merging)15 b(a)g(common)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(with)h(a)f(previous)h(larger)f(common)g (sym)o(b)q(ol.)525 1921 y Fn(\014le)s Ft(\()p Fn(section)p Ft(\):)25 b(warning:)d(common)i(of)f(`)p Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)r Ft(')597 1973 y(overridden)f(by)i(larger)f(common)525 2025 y Fn(\014le)s Ft(\()p Fn(section)p Ft(\):)i(warning:)d(larger)i (common)f(is)g(here)340 2093 y Fu(5.)29 b(Merging)14 b(a)h(common)f(sym)o(b)q(ol)h(with)g(a)f(previous)h(smaller)g(common)f (sym)o(b)q(ol.)20 b(This)405 2148 y(is)c(the)f(same)g(as)g(the)g (previous)h(case,)f(except)h(that)e(the)i(sym)o(b)q(ols)f(are)g(encoun) o(tered)405 2203 y(in)h(a)f(di\013eren)o(t)g(order.)525 2268 y Fn(\014le)s Ft(\()p Fn(section)p Ft(\):)25 b(warning:)d(common)i (of)f(`)p Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)r Ft(')597 2320 y(overriding)f(smaller)h (common)525 2372 y Fn(\014le)s Ft(\()p Fn(section)p Ft(\):)i(warning:)d (smaller)h(common)g(is)h(here)75 2467 y(--warn-constructors)315 2522 y Fu(W)l(arn)17 b(if)g(an)o(y)g(global)g(constructors)f(are)h (used.)25 b(This)18 b(is)f(only)h(useful)g(for)e(a)h(few)g(ob)s(ject) 315 2577 y(\014le)g(formats.)j(F)l(or)c(formats)e(lik)o(e)j(COFF)e(or)h (ELF,)f(the)h(link)o(er)h(can)f(not)g(detect)g(the)g(use)315 2631 y(of)f(global)h(constructors.)75 2713 y Ft(--warn-multiple-gp)315 2768 y Fu(W)l(arn)h(if)h(m)o(ultiple)h(global)f(p)q(oin)o(ter)f(v)m (alues)i(are)e(required)h(in)g(the)f(output)h(\014le.)27 b(This)17 b(is)315 2823 y(only)i(meaningful)h(for)e(certain)h(pro)q (cessors,)g(suc)o(h)f(as)h(the)f(Alpha.)31 b(Sp)q(eci\014cally)l(,)22 b(some)315 2878 y(pro)q(cessors)d(put)h(large-v)m(alued)h(constan)o(ts) e(in)h(a)f(sp)q(ecial)j(section.)33 b(A)20 b(sp)q(ecial)h(register)p eop %%Page: 16 18 16 17 bop 75 149 a Fu(16)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 315 391 y(\(the)k(global)i(p)q(oin)o(ter\))f(p)q(oin)o(ts)g(in)o(to)f (the)h(middle)h(of)f(this)g(section,)h(so)e(that)g(constan)o(ts)315 446 y(can)14 b(b)q(e)g(loaded)g(e\016cien)o(tly)h(via)f(a)g (base-register)g(relativ)o(e)g(addressing)g(mo)q(de.)20 b(Since)15 b(the)315 500 y(o\013set)f(in)i(base-register)g(relativ)o(e) f(mo)q(de)h(is)f(\014xed)h(and)g(relativ)o(ely)g(small)g(\(e.g.,)e(16)g (bits\),)315 555 y(this)19 b(limits)h(the)e(maxim)o(um)h(size)g(of)f (the)h(constan)o(t)e(p)q(o)q(ol.)31 b(Th)o(us,)19 b(in)g(large)g (programs,)315 610 y(it)g(is)f(often)h(necessary)f(to)g(use)h(m)o (ultiple)h(global)f(p)q(oin)o(ter)g(v)m(alues)g(in)g(order)f(to)g(b)q (e)h(able)315 665 y(to)g(address)g(all)h(p)q(ossible)h(constan)o(ts.)31 b(This)20 b(option)g(causes)f(a)g(w)o(arning)g(to)g(b)q(e)h(issued)315 720 y(whenev)o(er)c(this)f(case)g(o)q(ccurs.)75 797 y Ft(--warn-once)315 852 y Fu(Only)g(w)o(arn)e(once)h(for)f(eac)o(h)h (unde\014ned)i(sym)o(b)q(ol,)e(rather)f(than)h(once)g(p)q(er)g(mo)q (dule)h(whic)o(h)315 907 y(refers)g(to)g(it.)75 984 y Ft(--warn-section-align)315 1039 y Fu(W)l(arn)22 b(if)h(the)g(address)g (of)f(an)g(output)h(section)g(is)g(c)o(hanged)g(b)q(ecause)h(of)e (alignmen)o(t.)315 1094 y(T)o(ypically)l(,)17 b(the)e(alignmen)o(t)h (will)g(b)q(e)g(set)f(b)o(y)g(an)g(input)i(section.)j(The)15 b(address)h(will)g(only)315 1149 y(b)q(e)23 b(c)o(hanged)f(if)h(it)f (not)f(explicitly)k(sp)q(eci\014ed;)i(that)22 b(is,)i(if)e(the)g Ft(SECTIONS)f Fu(command)315 1203 y(do)q(es)c(not)g(sp)q(ecify)i(a)d (start)g(address)h(for)g(the)g(section)h(\(see)f(Section)h(3.4)e ([SECTIONS],)315 1258 y(page)f(26\).)75 1336 y Ft(--whole-archive)315 1391 y Fu(F)l(or)i(eac)o(h)g(arc)o(hiv)o(e)h(men)o(tioned)g(on)f(the)h (command)f(line)i(after)e(the)g Ft(--whole-archive)315 1445 y Fu(option,)c(include)j(ev)o(ery)c(ob)s(ject)h(\014le)h(in)g(the) f(arc)o(hiv)o(e)g(in)h(the)f(link,)h(rather)f(than)g(searc)o(hing)315 1500 y(the)e(arc)o(hiv)o(e)h(for)f(the)g(required)i(ob)s(ject)e (\014les.)19 b(This)12 b(is)g(normally)g(used)g(to)f(turn)g(an)h(arc)o (hiv)o(e)315 1555 y(\014le)20 b(in)o(to)e(a)g(shared)h(library)l(,)h (forcing)f(ev)o(ery)f(ob)s(ject)g(to)g(b)q(e)i(included)h(in)e(the)g (resulting)315 1610 y(shared)c(library)l(.)21 b(This)16 b(option)f(ma)o(y)g(b)q(e)h(used)g(more)e(than)h(once.)75 1687 y Ft(--wrap)f Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)315 1742 y Fu(Use)h(a)f(wrapp)q(er)h (function)h(for)e Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)p Fu(.)20 b(An)o(y)15 b(unde\014ned)h(reference)g(to)e Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)j Fu(will)f(b)q(e)315 1797 y(resolv)o(ed)d(to)f Ft(__wrap_)p Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)r Fu(.)19 b(An)o(y)12 b(unde\014ned)j(reference)f(to)e Ft(__real_)p Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)i Fu(will)g(b)q(e)315 1852 y(resolv)o(ed)i(to)e Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)p Fu(.)315 1918 y(This)e(can)f(b)q(e)h(used)g(to)f(pro)o(vide)h(a)f(wrapp)q(er)g(for)g (a)g(system)g(function.)19 b(The)12 b(wrapp)q(er)f(func-)315 1973 y(tion)16 b(should)i(b)q(e)e(called)i Ft(__wrap_)p Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)r Fu(.)k(If)16 b(it)h(wishes)g(to)e(call)j(the)e (system)f(function,)315 2028 y(it)g(should)i(call)f Ft(__real_)p Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)r Fu(.)315 2094 y(Here)f(is)h(a)f(trivial)h(example:) 435 2157 y Ft(void)23 b(*)435 2209 y(__wrap_malloc)f(\(int)h(c\))435 2261 y({)483 2313 y(printf)g(\("malloc)g(called)g(with)g(\045ld\\n",)g (c\);)483 2365 y(return)g(__real_malloc)f(\(c\);)435 2416 y(})315 2483 y Fu(If)11 b(y)o(ou)f(link)i(other)e(co)q(de)h(with)g (this)g(\014le)g(using)h Ft(--wrap)i(malloc)p Fu(,)c(then)h(all)g (calls)h(to)e Ft(malloc)315 2537 y Fu(will)20 b(call)g(the)e(function)i Ft(__wrap_malloc)c Fu(instead.)30 b(The)19 b(call)h(to)d Ft(__real_malloc)g Fu(in)315 2592 y Ft(__wrap_malloc)c Fu(will)k(call)g(the)e(real)g Ft(malloc)g Fu(function.)315 2658 y(Y)l(ou)f(ma)o(y)f(wish)h(to)f(pro)o(vide)h(a)f Ft(__real_malloc)f Fu(function)j(as)e(w)o(ell,)h(so)g(that)e(links)j (with-)315 2713 y(out)20 b(the)g Ft(--wrap)f Fu(option)i(will)g (succeed.)36 b(If)21 b(y)o(ou)e(do)i(this,)g(y)o(ou)f(should)h(not)f (put)g(the)315 2768 y(de\014nition)d(of)e Ft(__real_malloc)f Fu(in)i(the)f(same)g(\014le)i(as)e Ft(__wrap_malloc)p 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y(of)j(the)g(target.)31 b(If)19 b Ft(GNUTARGET)f Fu(is)i(set)f(to)f Ft(default)g Fu(then)i(BFD)f(attempts)f(to)g(disco)o(v)o(er)i(the)f (input)75 828 y(format)13 b(b)o(y)h(examining)h(binary)g(input)g (\014les;)g(this)g(metho)q(d)f(often)g(succeeds,)h(but)f(there)g(are)g (p)q(oten)o(tial)75 883 y(am)o(biguities,)20 b(since)f(there)f(is)h(no) f(metho)q(d)g(of)g(ensuring)h(that)f(the)g(magic)g(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g (used)h(to)f(sp)q(ecify)75 938 y(ob)s(ject-\014le)13 b(formats)e(is)i(unique.)21 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)11 b(the)i (con\014guration)f(pro)q(cedure)i(for)e(BFD)g(on)g(eac)o(h)g(system)75 993 y(places)20 b(the)f(con)o(v)o(en)o(tional)g(format)f(for)g(that)g (system)g(\014rst)h(in)h(the)e(searc)o(h-list,)j(so)d(am)o(biguities)i (are)75 1048 y(resolv)o(ed)c(in)g(fa)o(v)o(or)d(of)i(con)o(v)o(en)o (tion.)75 1115 y Ft(LDEMULATION)d Fu(determines)i(the)f(default)g(em)o (ulation)h(if)g(y)o(ou)f(don't)f(use)i(the)f(`)p Ft(-m)p Fu(')f(option.)19 b(The)13 b(em)o(ula-)75 1170 y(tion)f(can)g(a\013ect) f(v)m(arious)h(asp)q(ects)g(of)f(link)o(er)i(b)q(eha)o(viour,)g (particularly)g(the)f(default)h(link)o(er)g(script.)19 b(Y)l(ou)75 1224 y(can)d(list)g(the)g(a)o(v)m(ailable)h(em)o(ulations)f (with)g(the)f(`)p Ft(--verbose)p Fu(')f(or)h(`)p Ft(-V)p Fu(')f(options.)21 b(If)16 b(the)f(`)p Ft(-m)p Fu(')g(option)g(is)75 1279 y(not)g(used,)h(and)g(the)f Ft(LDEMULATION)f Fu(en)o(vironmen)o(t) i(v)m(ariable)h(is)f(not)f(de\014ned,)i(the)e(default)h(em)o(ulation)75 1334 y(dep)q(ends)h(up)q(on)f(ho)o(w)e(the)i(link)o(er)g(w)o(as)e (con\014gured.)p eop %%Page: 18 20 18 19 bop 75 149 a Fu(18)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) p eop %%Page: 19 21 19 20 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(3:)k(Command)c(Language)1113 b(19)75 391 y Fp(3)41 b(Command)28 b(Language)75 510 y Fu(The)18 b(command)f(language)h(pro)o(vides)g(explicit)h(con)o(trol) f(o)o(v)o(er)e(the)i(link)h(pro)q(cess,)f(allo)o(wing)g(complete)75 564 y(sp)q(eci\014cation)f(of)e(the)g(mapping)h(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)g(the) f(link)o(er's)h(input)g(\014les)g(and)g(its)f(output.)20 b(It)15 b(con)o(trols:)112 632 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(input)16 b(\014les)112 700 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(\014le)16 b(formats)112 767 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(output)15 b(\014le)h(la)o(y)o(out)112 835 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(addresses)15 b(of)g(sections)112 903 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(placemen)o(t)16 b(of)f(common)f(blo)q(c)o(ks)75 983 y(Y)l(ou)f(ma)o(y)e(supply)j(a)e(command)h(\014le)g(\(also)f(kno)o (wn)g(as)h(a)f(link)o(er)h(script\))g(to)f(the)g(link)o(er)i(either)f (explicitly)75 1038 y(through)i(the)g(`)p Ft(-T)p Fu(')e(option,)i(or)g (implicitly)j(as)c(an)h(ordinary)g(\014le.)21 b(Normally)15 b(y)o(ou)g(should)h(use)f(the)g(`)p Ft(-T)p Fu(')75 1093 y(option.)29 b(An)18 b(implicit)i(link)o(er)g(script)e(should)h(only)g (b)q(e)g(used)f(when)h(y)o(ou)e(w)o(an)o(t)g(to)h(augmen)o(t,)g(rather) 75 1148 y(than)d(replace,)g(the)g(default)g(link)o(er)i(script;)e(t)o 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y(\(see)k(Section)g(3.4)f([SECTIONS],) h(page)f(26\).)30 b(Ev)o(ery)19 b(meaningful)h(command)e(script)i(m)o (ust)e(ha)o(v)o(e)g(a)75 1839 y Ft(SECTIONS)d Fu(command:)23 b(it)16 b(sp)q(eci\014es)j(a)d(\\picture")h(of)f(the)g(output)g (\014le's)i(la)o(y)o(out,)d(in)j(v)m(arying)f(degrees)75 1894 y(of)e(detail.)21 b(No)15 b(other)f(command)i(is)f(required)i(in)f (all)g(cases.)75 1962 y(The)i Ft(MEMORY)f Fu(command)h(complemen)o(ts)g Ft(SECTIONS)e Fu(b)o(y)i(describing)i(the)e(a)o(v)m(ailable)h(memory)e (in)i(the)75 2017 y(target)f(arc)o(hitecture.)32 b(This)20 b(command)f(is)h(optional;)h(if)e(y)o(ou)g(don't)g(use)g(a)g Ft(MEMORY)g Fu(command,)g Ft(ld)75 2071 y Fu(assumes)14 b(su\016cien)o(t)i(memory)e(is)h(a)o(v)m(ailable)h(in)f(a)g(con)o (tiguous)f(blo)q(c)o(k)h(for)f(all)i(output.)j(See)c(Section)h(3.3)75 2126 y([MEMOR)l(Y],)e(page)h(25.)75 2194 y(Y)l(ou)h(ma)o(y)e(include)k (commen)o(ts)d(in)h(link)o(er)h(scripts)f(just)f(as)g(in)h(C:)f (delimited)j(b)o(y)d(`)p Ft(/*)p 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b(=)h(-57005;)75 1127 y Fu(Additionally)g(the)e(su\016xes)g Ft(K)g Fu(and)g Ft(M)g Fu(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)h(used)h(to)e(scale)h(a)g(constan)o(t)f(b)o(y) 65 b(1024)21 b(or)g(1024)1856 1108 y Fj(2)75 1182 y Fu(resp)q(ectiv)o (ely)l(.)h(F)l(or)14 b(example,)i(the)f(follo)o(wing)h(all)g(refer)f (to)g(the)g(same)g(quan)o(tit)o(y:)386 1246 y Ft(_fourk_1)23 b(=)g(4K;)386 1298 y(_fourk_2)g(=)g(4096;)386 1350 y(_fourk_3)g(=)g (0x1000;)75 1463 y Fk(3.2.2)30 b(Sym)n(b)r(ol)21 b(Names)75 1560 y Fu(Unless)15 b(quoted,)f(sym)o(b)q(ol)h(names)f(start)f(with)h (a)g(letter,)g(underscore,)h(or)e(p)q(oin)o(t)i(and)f(ma)o(y)g(include) i(an)o(y)75 1614 y(letters,)d(underscores,)h(digits,)g(p)q(oin)o(ts,)f (and)g(h)o(yphens.)20 b(Unquoted)14 b(sym)o(b)q(ol)f(names)g(m)o(ust)f (not)h(con\015ict)75 1669 y(with)19 b(an)o(y)g(k)o(eyw)o(ords.)30 b(Y)l(ou)20 b(can)f(sp)q(ecify)h(a)f(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(whic)o(h)h(con)o (tains)f(o)q(dd)g(c)o(haracters)g(or)f(has)h(the)75 1724 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Fu(10)p 447 2111 V 208 w(righ)o(t)p 751 2111 V 345 w Ft(?)48 b(:)p 1329 2111 V 195 2166 V 299 2150 a Fu(11)p 447 2166 V 208 w(righ)o(t)p 751 2166 V 216 w Ft(&=)23 b(+=)h(-=)f(*=)h(/=)95 b Fq(z)p 1329 2166 V 195 2221 V 261 2205 a Fu(lo)o(w)o(est)p 447 2221 V 751 2221 V 1329 2221 V 195 2229 2 9 v 447 2229 V 751 2229 V 1329 2229 V 195 2231 1136 2 v 75 2286 a Fq(y)46 b Fu(Pre\014x)15 b(op)q(erators.)75 2340 y Fq(z)46 b Fu(See)15 b(Section)i(3.2.6)c([Assignmen)o(t],)h(page)i(22.) 75 2452 y Fk(3.2.5)30 b(Ev)m(aluation)75 2549 y Fu(The)21 b(link)o(er)h(uses)f(\\lazy)f(ev)m(aluation")i(for)e(expressions;)k(it) d(only)g(calculates)g(an)g(expression)g(when)75 2604 y(absolutely)f(necessary)l(.)30 b(The)19 b(link)o(er)h(needs)f(the)g(v) m(alue)g(of)g(the)f(start)g(address,)h(and)g(the)f(lengths)h(of)75 2658 y(memory)f(regions,)i(in)f(order)g(to)f(do)h(an)o(y)f(linking)j (at)d(all;)k(these)d(v)m(alues)h(are)e(computed)h(as)g(so)q(on)f(as)75 2713 y(p)q(ossible)e(when)f(the)g(link)o(er)h(reads)e(in)h(the)g (command)f(\014le.)21 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)13 b(other)h(v)m(alues)i (\(suc)o(h)e(as)h(sym)o(b)q(ol)75 2768 y(v)m(alues\))j(are)f(not)g(kno) o(wn)g(or)g(needed)i(un)o(til)f(after)f(storage)f(allo)q(cation.)27 b(Suc)o(h)18 b(v)m(alues)h(are)e(ev)m(aluated)75 2823 y(later,)g(when)h(other)f(information)h(\(suc)o(h)f(as)g(the)g(sizes)h (of)f(output)g(sections\))h(is)g(a)o(v)m(ailable)h(for)d(use)i(in)75 2878 y(the)d(sym)o(b)q(ol)h(assignmen)o(t)f(expression.)p eop %%Page: 22 24 22 23 bop 75 149 a Fu(22)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 75 391 y Fk(3.2.6)30 b(Assignmen)n(t:)h(De\014ning)21 b(Sym)n(b)r(ols)75 489 y Fu(Y)l(ou)15 b(ma)o(y)f(create)h(global)g(sym) o(b)q(ols,)g(and)g(assign)g(v)m(alues)h(\(addresses\))e(to)g(global)i (sym)o(b)q(ols,)f(using)g(an)o(y)75 543 y(of)g(the)g(C)g(assignmen)o(t) g(op)q(erators:)75 625 y Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)i Ft(=)e Fn(expression)h Ft(;)75 680 y Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)h Ft(&=)e Fn(expression)h Ft(;)75 735 y Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)h Ft(+=)e Fn(expression)h Ft(;)75 790 y Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)h Ft(-=)e Fn(expression)h Ft(;)75 844 y Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)h Ft(*=)e Fn(expression)h Ft(;)75 899 y Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)h Ft(/=)e Fn(expression)h Ft(;)75 968 y Fu(Tw)o(o)e(things)i(distinguish)h(assignmen)o(t)e(from)g (other)g(op)q(erators)f(in)i Ft(ld)f Fu(expressions.)112 1036 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(Assignmen)o(t)19 b(ma)o(y)f(only)h(b)q(e)g(used) h(at)e(the)g(ro)q(ot)g(of)h(an)f(expression;)j(`)p Ft(a=b+3;)p Fu(')c(is)i(allo)o(w)o(ed,)h(but)165 1091 y(`)p Ft(a+b=3;)p Fu(')14 b(is)h(an)g(error.)112 1159 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(Y)l(ou)15 b(m)o(ust)g(place)h(a)f(trailing)h(semicolon)h(\(\\)933 1157 y Fm(h)p 944 1131 10 2 v 944 1159 a Fl(;)p 944 1167 V 952 1157 a Fm(i)967 1159 y Fu("\))d(at)h(the)g(end)h(of)f(an)g (assignmen)o(t)g(statemen)o(t.)75 1241 y(Assignmen)o(t)g(statemen)o(ts) f(ma)o(y)h(app)q(ear:)112 1310 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(as)15 b(commands)g(in)h(their)g(o)o(wn)e(righ)o(t)h(in)h(an)f Ft(ld)g Fu(script;)h(or)112 1378 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(as)15 b(indep)q(enden)o(t)i(statemen)o(ts)d(within)j(a)e Ft(SECTIONS)f Fu(command;)g(or)112 1446 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(as)15 b(part)f(of)h(the)g (con)o(ten)o(ts)g(of)g(a)g(section)g(de\014nition)i(in)f(a)f Ft(SECTIONS)f Fu(command.)75 1527 y(The)21 b(\014rst)f(t)o(w)o(o)f (cases)i(are)f(equiv)m(alen)o(t)j(in)e(e\013ect|b)q(oth)g(de\014ne)h(a) e(sym)o(b)q(ol)h(with)g(an)g(absolute)g(ad-)75 1582 y(dress.)i(The)16 b(last)g(case)g(de\014nes)h(a)f(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(whose)g(address)g(is)h (relativ)o(e)f(to)g(a)g(particular)g(section)h(\(see)75 1637 y(Section)f(3.4)e([SECTIONS],)h(page)g(26\).)75 1706 y(When)22 b(a)g(link)o(er)h(expression)g(is)g(ev)m(aluated)g(and)f (assigned)g(to)g(a)f(v)m(ariable,)k(it)d(is)h(giv)o(en)f(either)h(an)75 1760 y(absolute)d(or)f(a)g(relo)q(catable)i(t)o(yp)q(e.)33 b(An)20 b(absolute)f(expression)i(t)o(yp)q(e)e(is)i(one)e(in)i(whic)o (h)f(the)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)75 1815 y(con)o(tains)d(the)f(v)m(alue)i(that)e 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(alue)h(ev)o(en)f(when)g(assigned)g(to)f(within)75 2213 y(a)k(section)h(de\014nition)i(b)o(y)d(using)i(the)e(absolute)h (assignmen)o(t)g(function)g Ft(ABSOLUTE)p Fu(.)23 b(F)l(or)16 b(example,)i(to)75 2267 y(create)13 b(an)g(absolute)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)g (whose)g(address)g(is)h(the)f(last)f(b)o(yte)h(of)g(an)g(output)f (section)i(named)f Ft(.data)p Fu(:)195 2333 y Ft(SECTIONS{)23 b Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)243 2385 y Ft(.data)23 b(:)290 2437 y({)338 2489 y(*\(.data\))338 2541 y(_edata)g(=)h(ABSOLUTE\(.\))e(;)290 2593 y(})195 2645 y Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)22 b Ft(})75 2713 y Fu(The)15 b(link)o(er)i(tries)e(to)g(put)g(o\013)f(the)h(ev)m (aluation)i(of)d(an)i(assignmen)o(t)f(un)o(til)h(all)g(the)f(terms)g (in)h(the)f(source)75 2768 y(expression)k(are)f(kno)o(wn)f(\(see)h (Section)h(3.2.5)d([Ev)m(aluation],)j(page)f(21\).)27 b(F)l(or)17 b(instance,)j(the)e(sizes)g(of)75 2823 y(sections)f(cannot) g(b)q(e)h(kno)o(wn)e(un)o(til)i(after)e(allo)q(cation,)i(so)f (assignmen)o(ts)f(dep)q(enden)o(t)j(up)q(on)e(these)g(are)75 2878 y(not)f(p)q(erformed)h(un)o(til)g(after)f(allo)q(cation.)24 b(Some)16 b(expressions,)i(suc)o(h)e(as)g(those)g(dep)q(ending)j(up)q (on)e(the)p eop %%Page: 23 25 23 24 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(3:)k(Command)c(Language)1113 b(23)75 391 y(lo)q(cation)15 b(coun)o(ter)f Fn(dot)p Fu(,)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')g(m)o(ust)f(b)q(e)i(ev)m(aluated)h(during)f (allo)q(cation.)21 b(If)15 b(the)f(result)h(of)f(an)g(expression)75 446 y(is)i(required,)h(but)f(the)g(v)m(alue)h(is)g(not)e(a)o(v)m (ailable,)j(then)e(an)g(error)f(results.)22 b(F)l(or)15 b(example,)i(a)e(script)i(lik)o(e)75 500 y(the)e(follo)o(wing)195 570 y Ft(SECTIONS)23 b({)g Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)243 622 y Ft(text)23 b(9+this_isnt_constant)e(:)290 674 y({)j Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)290 726 y Ft(})195 778 y Fi(:)g(:)g(:)22 b Ft(})75 850 y Fu(will)17 b(cause)e(the)h(error)e(message)h(\\)p Ft(Non)f(constant)g (expression)g(for)h(initial)f(address)p Fu(".)75 923 y(In)k(some)e(cases,)i(it)f(is)h(desirable)g(for)f(a)f(link)o(er)j (script)e(to)g(de\014ne)h(a)f(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(only)h(if)f(it)h(is)f (referenced,)75 978 y(and)h(only)h(if)f(it)h(is)f(not)g(de\014ned)i(b)o (y)e(an)o(y)f(ob)s(ject)h(included)j(in)d(the)h(link.)30 b(F)l(or)17 b(example,)i(traditional)75 1033 y(link)o(ers)d(de\014ned)h (the)e(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(`)p Ft(etext)p Fu('.)k(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)13 b(ANSI)j(C)f(requires)h(that)e(the)h(user)h(b)q(e)f(able)h(to)f(use)75 1088 y(`)p Ft(etext)p Fu(')g(as)h(a)g(function)h(name)f(without)g (encoun)o(tering)i(an)e(error.)22 b(The)17 b Ft(PROVIDE)e Fu(k)o(eyw)o(ord)h(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)75 1142 y(used)e(to)g(de\014ne)g(a)g (sym)o(b)q(ol,)g(suc)o(h)g(as)g(`)p Ft(etext)p Fu(',)e(only)i(if)h(it)f (is)g(referenced)h(but)f(not)f(de\014ned.)21 b(The)13 b(syn)o(tax)75 1197 y(is)j Ft(PROVIDE\()p Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)g Ft(=)f Fn(expression)p Ft(\))p Fu(.)75 1320 y Fk(3.2.7)30 b(Arithmetic)21 b(F)-5 b(unctions)75 1422 y Fu(The)19 b(command)f(language)h(includes)i(a)d(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)h(of)f(built-in)j (functions)e(for)f(use)g(in)i(link)g(script)f(ex-)75 1477 y(pressions.)75 1580 y Ft(ABSOLUTE\()p Fn(exp)q Ft(\))315 1635 y Fu(Return)c(the)g(absolute)f(\(non-relo)q(catable,)i (as)e(opp)q(osed)h(to)f(non-negativ)o(e\))g(v)m(alue)i(of)e(the)315 1689 y(expression)g Fn(exp)p Fu(.)20 b(Primarily)14 b(useful)h(to)d (assign)i(an)f(absolute)h(v)m(alue)g(to)f(a)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)h(within)315 1744 y(a)h(section)h(de\014nition,)g(where)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)f(v)m(alues)i (are)e(normally)g(section-relativ)o(e.)75 1829 y Ft(ADDR\()p Fn(section)p Ft(\))315 1884 y Fu(Return)f(the)g(absolute)h(address)f (of)f(the)h(named)g Fn(section)p Fu(.)20 b(Y)l(our)14 b(script)g(m)o(ust)g(previously)315 1939 y(ha)o(v)o(e)i(de\014ned)i (the)f(lo)q(cation)g(of)g(that)f(section.)24 b(In)18 b(the)e(follo)o(wing)i(example,)f Ft(symbol_1)315 1994 y Fu(and)e Ft(symbol_2)f Fu(are)h(assigned)h(iden)o(tical)h(v)m(alues:) 435 2061 y Ft(SECTIONS{)23 b Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)483 2113 y Ft(.output1)22 b(:)530 2165 y({)530 2216 y(start_of_output_1)g(=)i (ABSOLUTE\(.\);)530 2268 y Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)530 2320 y Ft(})483 2372 y(.output)23 b(:)530 2424 y({)530 2476 y(symbol_1)g(=)h(ADDR\(.output1\);)530 2528 y(symbol_2)f(=)h (start_of_output_1;)530 2580 y(})435 2632 y Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)22 b Ft(})75 2713 y(LOADADDR\()p Fn(section)p Ft(\))315 2768 y Fu(Return)c(the)g(absolute)h(load)f(address)g(of)f(the)h(named)g Fn(section)p Fu(.)29 b(This)18 b(is)g(normally)h(the)315 2823 y(same)d(as)g Ft(ADDR)p Fu(,)g(but)g(it)h(ma)o(y)e(b)q(e)i (di\013eren)o(t)g(if)g(the)f Ft(AT)g Fu(k)o(eyw)o(ord)g(is)h(used)g(in) g(the)f(section)315 2878 y(de\014nition)h(\(see)e(Section)h(3.4.4)e ([Section)i(Options],)f(page)g(32\).)p eop %%Page: 24 26 24 25 bop 75 149 a Fu(24)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 75 391 y Ft(ALIGN\()p Fn(exp)q Ft(\))315 446 y Fu(Return)k(the)f (result)h(of)f(the)g(curren)o(t)g(lo)q(cation)h(coun)o(ter)f(\()p Ft(.)p 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Fu(Return)e(the)f(size)h(in)g(b)o(ytes)f(of)f(the)h (named)h Fn(section)p Fu(,)g(if)f(that)g(section)g(has)g(b)q(een)h (allo)q(cated.)315 2878 y(In)g(the)f(follo)o(wing)h(example,)g Ft(symbol_1)e Fu(and)i Ft(symbol_2)e Fu(are)g(assigned)i(iden)o(tical)h (v)m(alues:)p eop %%Page: 25 27 25 26 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(3:)k(Command)c(Language)1113 b(25)435 391 y Ft(SECTIONS{)23 b Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)483 443 y Ft(.output)23 b({)530 495 y(.start)g(=)h(.)g(;)530 546 y Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)530 598 y Ft(.end)24 b(=)f(.)h(;)530 650 y(})483 702 y(symbol_1)e(=)i(.end)g(-)f(.start)g(;)483 754 y(symbol_2)f(=)i(SIZEOF\(.output\);)435 806 y Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)22 b Ft(})75 879 y(SIZEOF_HEADERS)75 933 y(sizeof_headers)315 988 y Fu(Return)16 b(the)g(size)h(in)g(b)o(ytes)e(of)g(the)h(output)g (\014le's)g(headers.)22 b(Y)l(ou)16 b(can)g(use)g(this)h(n)o(um)o(b)q (er)315 1043 y(as)e(the)g(start)f(address)h(of)g(the)g(\014rst)g (section,)h(if)f(y)o(ou)g(c)o(ho)q(ose,)g(to)f(facilitate)j(paging.)75 1123 y Ft(MAX\()p Fn(exp1)p Ft(,)e Fn(exp2)t Ft(\))315 1178 y Fu(Returns)h(the)f(maxim)o(um)g(of)g Fn(exp1)k Fu(and)c Fn(exp2)p Fu(.)75 1258 y Ft(MIN\()p Fn(exp1)p Ft(,)g Fn(exp2)t Ft(\))315 1312 y Fu(Returns)h(the)f(minim)o(um)h(of)f Fn(exp1)k Fu(and)c Fn(exp2)p Fu(.)75 1425 y Fk(3.2.8)30 b(Semicolons)75 1522 y Fu(Semicolons)17 b(\(\\)349 1520 y Fm(h)p 361 1493 10 2 v 361 1522 a Fl(;)p 361 1529 V 369 1520 a Fm(i)384 1522 y Fu("\))e(are)h(required)h(in)g(the)f(follo)o (wing)h(places.)23 b(In)17 b(all)g(other)e(places)i(they)g(can)f(app)q (ear)75 1576 y(for)f(aesthetic)g(reasons)g(but)g(are)g(otherwise)h (ignored.)75 1656 y Ft(Assignment)315 1711 y Fu(Semicolons)e(m)o(ust)e (app)q(ear)g(at)g(the)g(end)h(of)f(assignmen)o(t)h(expressions.)19 b(See)13 b(Section)h(3.2.6)315 1766 y([Assignmen)o(t],)g(page)h(22)75 1846 y Ft(PHDRS)120 b Fu(Semicolons)23 b(m)o(ust)f(app)q(ear)g(at)f (the)h(end)g(of)g(a)g Ft(PHDRS)f Fu(statemen)o(t.)39 b(See)22 b(Section)h(3.5)315 1901 y([PHDRS],)14 b(page)i(35)75 2030 y Fs(3.3)33 b(Memory)22 b(La)n(y)n(out)75 2127 y Fu(The)h(link)o(er's)g(default)g(con\014guration)g(p)q(ermits)g(allo)q (cation)g(of)f(all)i(a)o(v)m(ailable)g(memory)l(.)41 b(Y)l(ou)23 b(can)75 2181 y(o)o(v)o(erride)13 b(this)h(con\014guration) g(b)o(y)f(using)i(the)e Ft(MEMORY)g Fu(command.)19 b(The)13 b Ft(MEMORY)g Fu(command)g(describ)q(es)75 2236 y(the)20 b(lo)q(cation)h(and)g(size)g(of)f(blo)q(c)o(ks)g(of)g(memory)g(in)h (the)f(target.)34 b(By)20 b(using)h(it)f(carefully)l(,)j(y)o(ou)d(can) 75 2291 y(describ)q(e)j(whic)o(h)g(memory)e(regions)h(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)h (used)h(b)o(y)e(the)h(link)o(er,)i(and)e(whic)o(h)h(memory)e(regions)75 2346 y(it)f(m)o(ust)g(a)o(v)o(oid.)34 b(The)21 b(link)o(er)g(do)q(es)f (not)g(sh)o(u\017e)g(sections)h(to)f(\014t)g(in)o(to)g(the)g(a)o(v)m (ailable)i(regions,)f(but)75 2401 y(do)q(es)15 b(mo)o(v)o(e)e(the)i (requested)g(sections)g(in)o(to)f(the)g(correct)g(regions)h(and)f (issue)i(errors)d(when)i(the)g(regions)75 2455 y(b)q(ecome)h(to)q(o)e (full.)75 2523 y(A)j(command)h(\014le)g(ma)o(y)f(con)o(tain)g(at)g (most)f(one)i(use)f(of)g(the)h Ft(MEMORY)e Fu(command;)i(ho)o(w)o(ev)o (er,)f(y)o(ou)g(can)75 2578 y(de\014ne)f(as)f(man)o(y)g(blo)q(c)o(ks)h (of)f(memory)f(within)j(it)e(as)g(y)o(ou)g(wish.)20 b(The)c(syn)o(tax)e (is:)195 2642 y Ft(MEMORY)243 2694 y({)290 2746 y Fn(name)27 b Ft(\()p Fn(attr)s Ft(\))c(:)g(ORIGIN)g(=)h Fn(origin)p Ft(,)h(LENGTH)e(=)g Fn(len)290 2798 y Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)243 2850 y Ft(})p eop %%Page: 26 28 26 27 bop 75 149 a Fu(26)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 75 391 y Fn(name)134 b Fu(is)14 b(a)f(name)g(used)h(in)o(ternally)g(b)o (y)f(the)h(link)o(er)g(to)f(refer)g(to)f(the)i(region.)19 b(An)o(y)13 b(sym)o(b)q(ol)h(name)315 446 y(ma)o(y)h(b)q(e)i(used.)22 b(The)17 b(region)f(names)g(are)f(stored)h(in)g(a)g(separate)f(name)h (space,)g(and)g(will)315 500 y(not)g(con\015ict)i(with)f(sym)o(b)q (ols,)g(\014le)h(names)f(or)f(section)h(names.)25 b(Use)17 b(distinct)h(names)f(to)315 555 y(sp)q(ecify)g(m)o(ultiple)g(regions.) 75 636 y Ft(\()p Fn(attr)s Ft(\))112 b Fu(is)13 b(an)g(optional)h(list) g(of)e(attributes)h(that)f(sp)q(ecify)i(whether)g(to)e(use)h(a)g (particular)h(memory)315 691 y(to)k(place)h(sections)g(that)f(are)h (not)f(listed)i(in)f(the)g(link)o(er)g(script.)31 b(V)l(alid)20 b(attribute)e(lists)315 746 y(m)o(ust)d(b)q(e)h(made)f(up)h(of)f(the)h (c)o(haracters)e(\\)p Ft(ALIRWX)p Fu(")g(that)h(matc)o(h)g(section)g (attributes.)21 b(If)315 801 y(y)o(ou)e(omit)g(the)g(attribute)g(list,) h(y)o(ou)f(ma)o(y)f(omit)h(the)g(paren)o(theses)g(around)g(it)h(as)e(w) o(ell.)315 855 y(The)d(attributes)g(curren)o(tly)h(supp)q(orted)g(are:) 315 937 y(`)p Ft(Letter)p Fu(')70 b Ft(Section)14 b(Attribute)315 1018 y Fu(`)p Ft(R)p Fu(')190 b(Read-only)17 b(sections.)315 1099 y(`)p Ft(W)p Fu(')190 b(Read/write)16 b(sections.)315 1180 y(`)p Ft(X)p Fu(')190 b(Sections)16 b(con)o(taining)g(executable)g (co)q(de.)315 1261 y(`)p Ft(A)p Fu(')190 b(Allo)q(cated)17 b(sections.)315 1342 y(`)p Ft(I)p Fu(')190 b(Initialized)18 b(sections.)315 1423 y(`)p Ft(L)p Fu(')190 b(Same)15 b(as)g Ft(I)p Fu(.)315 1504 y(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')190 b(In)o(v)o(ert)15 b(the)g(sense)h(of)f(an)o(y)g(of)f(the)i(follo)o(wing)g(attributes.)75 1598 y Fn(origin)127 b Fu(is)17 b(the)g(start)e(address)h(of)g(the)h (region)g(in)g(ph)o(ysical)h(memory)l(.)23 b(It)17 b(is)g(an)f (expression)i(that)315 1653 y(m)o(ust)e(ev)m(aluate)h(to)f(a)g(constan) o(t)g(b)q(efore)g(memory)g(allo)q(cation)i(is)f(p)q(erformed.)23 b(The)17 b(k)o(ey-)315 1708 y(w)o(ord)e Ft(ORIGIN)f Fu(ma)o(y)g(b)q(e)i (abbreviated)g(to)f Ft(org)f Fu(or)h Ft(o)g Fu(\(but)g(not,)f(for)h (example,)h(`)p Ft(ORG)p Fu('\).)75 1789 y Fn(len)183 b Fu(is)16 b(the)f(size)h(in)g(b)o(ytes)f(of)g(the)g(region)g(\(an)g (expression\).)21 b(The)15 b(k)o(eyw)o(ord)g Ft(LENGTH)f Fu(ma)o(y)g(b)q(e)315 1844 y(abbreviated)i(to)e Ft(len)h Fu(or)g Ft(l)p Fu(.)75 1926 y(F)l(or)f(example,)h(to)f(sp)q(ecify)i 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2538 y(Section)k(3.4.4)e([Section)i (Options],)g(page)f(32\).)32 b(If)19 b(the)h(com)o(bined)g(output)f (sections)h(directed)h(to)d(a)75 2593 y(region)d(are)g(to)q(o)g(big)h (for)e(the)i(region,)f(the)g(link)o(er)h(will)h(issue)f(an)f(error)g (message.)75 2725 y Fs(3.4)33 b(Sp)r(ecifying)24 b(Output)f(Sections)75 2823 y Fu(The)16 b Ft(SECTIONS)f Fu(command)h(con)o(trols)g(exactly)h (where)f(input)h(sections)g(are)f(placed)h(in)o(to)g(output)f(sec-)75 2878 y(tions,)f(their)h(order)f(in)h(the)f(output)g(\014le,)h(and)f(to) g(whic)o(h)h(output)f(sections)g(they)h(are)f(allo)q(cated.)p eop %%Page: 27 29 27 28 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(3:)k(Command)c(Language)1113 b(27)75 391 y(Y)l(ou)18 b(ma)o(y)f(use)h(at)f(most)f(one)i Ft(SECTIONS)e Fu(command)i(in)g(a)g(script)g(\014le,)g(but)g(y)o(ou)f (can)h(ha)o(v)o(e)f(as)g(man)o(y)75 446 y(statemen)o(ts)c(within)i(it)g (as)e(y)o(ou)h(wish.)20 b(Statemen)o(ts)13 b(within)j(the)e Ft(SECTIONS)f Fu(command)h(can)g(do)g(one)g(of)75 500 y(three)h(things:)112 569 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(de\014ne)16 b(the)g(en)o(try)e(p)q(oin)o(t;)112 637 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(assign)15 b(a)g(v)m(alue)i(to)d(a)h(sym)o(b)q(ol;)112 705 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(describ)q(e)16 b(the)e(placemen)o(t)h(of)f(a)f (named)i(output)f(section,)g(and)h(whic)o(h)g(input)g(sections)f(go)g (in)o(to)g(it.)75 787 y(Y)l(ou)h(can)g(also)f(use)h(the)g(\014rst)f(t)o (w)o(o)f(op)q(erations|de\014ning)k(the)e(en)o(try)f(p)q(oin)o(t)h(and) g(de\014ning)h(sym)o(b)q(ols|)75 842 y(outside)h(the)g Ft(SECTIONS)e Fu(command:)22 b(see)17 b(Section)h(3.6)d([En)o(try)h(P)o (oin)o(t],)f(page)i(37,)e(and)i(Section)h(3.2.6)75 897 y([Assignmen)o(t],)h(page)g(22.)31 b(They)20 b(are)e(p)q(ermitted)i (here)g(as)f(w)o(ell)h(for)e(y)o(our)h(con)o(v)o(enience)h(in)g (reading)75 952 y(the)14 b(script,)g(so)g(that)f(sym)o(b)q(ols)i(and)f (the)g(en)o(try)g(p)q(oin)o(t)g(can)g(b)q(e)h(de\014ned)g(at)f (meaningful)h(p)q(oin)o(ts)g(in)f(y)o(our)75 1006 y(output-\014le)i(la) o(y)o(out.)75 1075 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(quoted.)k(See)c(Section)g(3.2.2)e([Sym)o(b)q(ol)h(Names],)f(page)h (20.)75 2644 y(The)21 b(sp)q(ecial)i Fn(secname)i Fu(`)p Ft(/DISCARD/)p Fu(')19 b(ma)o(y)h(b)q(e)i(used)g(to)f(discard)h(input)g (sections.)38 b(An)o(y)21 b(sections)75 2699 y(whic)o(h)e(are)e (assigned)i(to)e(an)h(output)f(section)i(named)f(`)p Ft(/DISCARD/)p Fu(')e(are)h(not)h(included)i(in)f(the)f(\014nal)75 2754 y(link)f(output.)75 2823 y(The)k(link)o(er)h(will)g(not)f(create)f (output)h(sections)g(whic)o(h)h(do)f(not)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(an)o(y)h(con)o (ten)o(ts.)36 b(This)21 b(is)h(for)75 2878 y(con)o(v)o(enience)17 b(when)e(referring)h(to)e(input)j(sections)e(that)g(ma)o(y)f(or)h(ma)o (y)f(not)h(exist.)21 b(F)l(or)14 b(example,)p eop %%Page: 28 30 28 29 bop 75 149 a Fu(28)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 195 391 y Ft(.foo)23 b({)h(*\(.foo\))f(})75 484 y Fu(will)16 b(only)f(create)g(a)f(`)p Ft(.foo)p Fu(')f(section)j(in)f(the)g(output) f(\014le)i(if)f(there)g(is)g(a)f(`)p Ft(.foo)p Fu(')f(section)j(in)f (at)f(least)h(one)75 539 y(input)h(\014le.)75 703 y Fk(3.4.2)30 b(Section)20 b(Placemen)n(t)75 825 y Fu(In)13 b(a)e(section)i (de\014nition,)h(y)o(ou)d(can)h(sp)q(ecify)h(the)f(con)o(ten)o(ts)g(of) f(an)h(output)g(section)g(b)o(y)g(listing)h(particular)75 880 y(input)i(\014les,)f(b)o(y)g(listing)h(particular)f(input-\014le)i (sections,)e(or)f(b)o(y)h(a)f(com)o(bination)h(of)f(the)h(t)o(w)o(o.)k (Y)l(ou)c(can)75 935 y(also)g(place)i(arbitrary)d(data)h(in)h(the)g (section,)g(and)f(de\014ne)i(sym)o(b)q(ols)e(relativ)o(e)h(to)f(the)g (b)q(eginning)j(of)d(the)75 990 y(section.)75 1083 y(The)k Fn(con)o(ten)o(ts)h Fu(of)f(a)f(section)i(de\014nition)h(ma)o(y)d (include)j(an)o(y)e(of)f(the)h(follo)o(wing)h(kinds)g(of)e(statemen)o (t.)75 1138 y(Y)l(ou)f(can)g(include)j(as)c(man)o(y)h(of)f(these)i(as)e (y)o(ou)h(lik)o(e)h(in)g(a)e(single)j(section)e(de\014nition,)i (separated)e(from)75 1192 y(one)f(another)g(b)o(y)g(whitespace.)75 1336 y Fn(\014lename)77 b Fu(Y)l(ou)14 b(ma)o(y)f(simply)h(name)g(a)f (particular)i(input)f(\014le)h(to)e(b)q(e)h(placed)h(in)f(the)g(curren) o(t)f(output)315 1391 y(section;)18 b Fn(all)i Fu(sections)e(from)e (that)g(\014le)j(are)d(placed)j(in)f(the)f(curren)o(t)g(section)h (de\014nition.)315 1446 y(If)d(the)g(\014le)h(name)f(has)g(already)g(b) q(een)h(men)o(tioned)g(in)g(another)f(section)g(de\014nition,)i(with) 315 1501 y(an)e(explicit)i(section)f(name)f(list,)h(then)f(only)h (those)f(sections)h(whic)o(h)g(ha)o(v)o(e)e(not)h(y)o(et)g(b)q(een)315 1556 y(allo)q(cated)h(are)f(used.)315 1636 y(T)l(o)g(sp)q(ecify)h(a)f (list)h(of)f(particular)h(\014les)g(b)o(y)f(name:)435 1713 y Ft(.data)23 b(:)h({)g(afile.o)f(bfile.o)f(cfile.o)h(})315 1793 y Fu(The)c(example)g(also)g(illustrates)h(that)e(m)o(ultiple)i (statemen)o(ts)e(can)h(b)q(e)g(included)i(in)f(the)315 1848 y(con)o(ten)o(ts)15 b(of)f(a)h(section)h(de\014nition,)h(since)f (eac)o(h)f(\014le)h(name)g(is)f(a)g(separate)g(statemen)o(t.)75 1954 y Fn(\014lename)s Ft(\()h Fn(section)f Ft(\))75 2009 y Fn(\014lename)s Ft(\()h Fn(section)f Ft(,)g Fn(section)p Ft(,)h Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)13 b Ft(\))75 2063 y Fn(\014lename)s Ft(\()j Fn(section)f(section)h Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)13 b Ft(\))315 2118 y Fu(Y)l(ou)18 b(can)f(name)g(one)h(or)f(more)g(sections)g(from)g (y)o(our)g(input)h(\014les,)h(for)d(insertion)j(in)f(the)315 2173 y(curren)o(t)d(output)g(section.)20 b(If)c(y)o(ou)e(wish)i(to)e (sp)q(ecify)j(a)e(list)h(of)e(input-\014le)k(sections)d(inside)315 2228 y(the)g(paren)o(theses,)g(separate)g(the)g(section)h(names)f(with) h(whitespace.)75 2334 y Ft(*)f(\()p Fn(section)p Ft(\))75 2388 y(*)g(\()p Fn(section)p Ft(,)h Fn(section)p Ft(,)f Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)n Ft(\))75 2443 y(*)15 b(\()p Fn(section)h(section)f Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)n Ft(\))315 2498 y Fu(Instead)18 b(of)e(explicitly)k (naming)e(particular)f(input)h(\014les)h(in)e(a)g(link)i(con)o(trol)e (script,)g(y)o(ou)315 2553 y(can)f(refer)g(to)g Fn(all)j Fu(\014les)e(from)f(the)g Ft(ld)g Fu(command)g(line:)24 b(use)16 b(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')g(instead)h(of)e(a)h(particular)315 2607 y(\014le)g(name)f(b)q(efore)h(the)f(paren)o(thesized)i (input-\014le)g(section)f(list.)315 2688 y(If)22 b(y)o(ou)g(ha)o(v)o(e) g(already)g(explicitly)j(included)g(some)d(\014les)h(b)o(y)f(name,)h(`) p Ft(*)p Fu(')f(refers)g(to)f(all)315 2743 y Fn(remaining)c Fu(\014les|those)c(whose)e(places)i(in)g(the)f(output)f(\014le)i(ha)o (v)o(e)e(not)h(y)o(et)f(b)q(een)i(de\014ned.)315 2823 y(F)l(or)k(example,)j(to)d(cop)o(y)h(sections)g Ft(1)g Fu(through)g Ft(4)g Fu(from)f(an)h(Oasys)g(\014le)h(in)o(to)f(the)g Ft(.text)315 2878 y Fu(section)e(of)f(an)g Ft(a.out)f Fu(\014le,)i(and)f(sections)h Ft(13)f Fu(and)g Ft(14)g Fu(in)o(to)g(the)h Ft(.data)e Fu(section:)p eop %%Page: 29 31 29 30 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(3:)k(Command)c(Language)1113 b(29)435 391 y Ft(SECTIONS)23 b({)483 443 y(.text)g(:{)530 495 y(*\("1")h("2")f("3")h("4"\))483 546 y(})483 650 y(.data)f(:{)530 702 y(*\("13")g("14"\))483 754 y(})435 806 y(})315 874 y Fu(`)p Ft([)15 b Fn(section)g Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)14 b Ft(])p Fu(')g(used)i(to)e(b)q(e)i(accepted)g(as)f(an)g (alternate)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(to)h(sp)q(ecify)h(named)g(sec-)315 929 y(tions)g(from)f(all)i(unallo)q(cated)g(input)g(\014les.)23 b(Because)17 b(some)e(op)q(erating)h(systems)g(\(VMS\))315 984 y(allo)o(w)f(brac)o(k)o(ets)g(in)h(\014le)g(names,)f(that)f (notation)h(is)h(no)f(longer)g(supp)q(orted.)75 1072 y Fn(\014lename)s Ft(\()24 b(COMMON)f(\))75 1127 y(*\()15 b(COMMON)f(\))315 1182 y Fu(Sp)q(ecify)i(where)e(in)h(y)o(our)e(output) h(\014le)h(to)e(place)i(uninitialize)q(d)i(data)c(with)h(this)h (notation.)315 1236 y Ft(*\(COMMON\))i Fu(b)o(y)h(itself)i(refers)e(to) f(all)j(uninitialized)i(data)17 b(from)h(all)h(input)h(\014les)f(\(so)f (far)315 1291 y(as)c(it)g(is)h(not)f(y)o(et)f(allo)q(cated\);)i Fn(\014lename)s Ft(\(COMMON\))f Fu(refers)g(to)f(uninitiali)q(zed)k (data)d(from)f(a)315 1346 y(particular)j(\014le.)22 b(Both)15 b(are)h(sp)q(ecial)h(cases)e(of)g(the)h(general)g(mec)o(hanisms)g(for)f (sp)q(ecifying)315 1401 y(where)g(to)f(place)i(input-\014le)h (sections:)j Ft(ld)15 b Fu(p)q(ermits)g(y)o(ou)g(to)f(refer)h(to)f (uninitialize)q(d)k(data)315 1456 y(as)c(if)g(it)g(w)o(ere)g(in)g(an)g (input-\014le)i(section)f(named)f Ft(COMMON)p Fu(,)f(regardless)h(of)f (the)h(input)h(\014le's)315 1510 y(format.)75 1603 y(In)f(an)o(y)g (place)h(where)f(y)o(ou)f(ma)o(y)g(use)h(a)g(sp)q(eci\014c)i(\014le)e (or)g(section)g(name,)g(y)o(ou)f(ma)o(y)g(also)h(use)g(a)g(wildcard)75 1658 y(pattern.)19 b(The)13 b(link)o(er)h(handles)g(wildcards)g(m)o(uc) o(h)f(as)g(the)g(Unix)g(shell)i(do)q(es.)k(A)13 b(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')f(c)o(haracter)g(matc)o(hes)75 1713 y(an)o(y)20 b(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)g(of)g(c)o(haracters.)34 b(A)20 b(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(')g(c)o(haracter)f(matc)o(hes)h(an)o(y)g(single)h(c)o (haracter.)34 b(The)21 b(sequence)75 1768 y(`)p Ft([)p Fn(c)o(hars)r Ft(])p Fu(')13 b(will)k(matc)o(h)e(a)f(single)j(instance) e(of)g(an)o(y)g(of)f(the)h Fn(c)o(hars)r Fu(;)g(the)g(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(')f(c)o(haracter)g(ma)o(y)g(b)q(e)i(used)g(to)75 1822 y(sp)q(ecify)h(a)e(range)h(of)f(c)o(haracters,)f(as)i(in)g(`)p Ft([a-z])p Fu(')e(to)h(matc)o(h)h(an)o(y)f(lo)o(w)o(er)g(case)h (letter.)21 b(A)16 b(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')f(c)o(haracter)75 1877 y(ma)o(y)f(b)q(e)i(used)g(to)f(quote)g(the)g(follo)o(wing)h(c)o (haracter.)75 1953 y(When)k(a)f(\014le)h(name)f(is)h(matc)o(hed)f(with) h(a)e(wildcard,)k(the)d(wildcard)h(c)o(haracters)f(will)i(not)e(matc)o (h)f(a)75 2008 y(`)p Ft(/)p Fu(')d(c)o(haracter)h(\(used)g(to)g (separate)g(directory)g(names)g(on)g(Unix\).)24 b(A)16 b(pattern)g(consisting)h(of)f(a)g(single)75 2063 y(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(c)o(haracter)h(is)h(an)f(exception;)i(it)f(will)g(alw)o (a)o(ys)f(matc)o(h)g(an)o(y)f(\014le)j(name.)29 b(In)19 b(a)e(section)i(name,)g(the)75 2118 y(wildcard)d(c)o(haracters)f(will)i (matc)o(h)d(a)h(`)p Ft(/)p Fu(')g(c)o(haracter.)75 2194 y(Wildcards)i(only)g(matc)o(h)e(\014les)i(whic)o(h)g(are)f(explicitly)i (sp)q(eci\014ed)h(on)d(the)g(command)g(line.)24 b(The)16 b(link)o(er)75 2248 y(do)q(es)11 b(not)g(searc)o(h)g(directories)h(to)f (expand)h(wildcards.)19 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)11 b(if)h(y)o(ou)e(sp)q (ecify)j(a)e(simple)h(\014le)g(name|)75 2303 y(a)f(name)g(with)h(no)f (wildcard)i(c)o(haracters|in)f(a)f(link)o(er)i(script,)f(and)f(the)h (\014le)g(name)g(is)g(not)e(also)i(sp)q(eci\014ed)75 2358 y(on)j(the)g(command)f(line,)j(the)e(link)o(er)h(will)g(attempt)e (to)g(op)q(en)i(the)f(\014le)g(as)g(though)g(it)g(app)q(eared)g(on)g (the)75 2413 y(command)g(line.)75 2489 y(In)d(the)g(follo)o(wing)g (example,)h(the)f(command)f(script)h(arranges)f(the)h(output)f(\014le)i (in)o(to)e(three)h(consecutiv)o(e)75 2544 y(sections,)g(named)g Ft(.text)p Fu(,)f Ft(.data)p Fu(,)g(and)h Ft(.bss)p Fu(,)f(taking)h (the)f(input)i(for)e(eac)o(h)g(from)g(the)g(corresp)q(ondingly)75 2598 y(named)k(sections)h(of)f(all)h(the)f(input)i(\014les:)195 2671 y Ft(SECTIONS)23 b({)243 2723 y(.text)g(:)h({)f(*\(.text\))g(})243 2775 y(.data)g(:)h({)f(*\(.data\))g(})243 2827 y(.bss)g(:)48 b({)23 b(*\(.bss\))47 b(*\(COMMON\))23 b(})195 2879 y(})p eop %%Page: 30 32 30 31 bop 75 149 a Fu(30)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 75 391 y(The)f(follo)o(wing)g(example)g(reads)g(all)g(of)f(the)h (sections)g(from)f(\014le)h Ft(all.o)f Fu(and)h(places)g(them)g(at)f (the)g(start)75 446 y(of)k(output)f(section)i Ft(outputa)e Fu(whic)o(h)i(starts)e(at)g(lo)q(cation)i Ft(0x10000)p Fu(.)24 b(All)18 b(of)f(section)h Ft(.input1)e Fu(from)75 500 y(\014le)k Ft(foo.o)e Fu(follo)o(ws)i(immediately)l(,)h(in)f(the)f (same)g(output)g(section.)32 b(All)20 b(of)f(section)h Ft(.input2)e Fu(from)75 555 y Ft(foo.o)d Fu(go)q(es)h(in)o(to)g(output) f(section)i Ft(outputb)p Fu(,)e(follo)o(w)o(ed)h(b)o(y)g(section)g Ft(.input1)f Fu(from)g Ft(foo1.o)p Fu(.)21 b(All)c(of)75 610 y(the)g(remaining)i Ft(.input1)d Fu(and)h Ft(.input2)f Fu(sections)i(from)f(an)o(y)f(\014les)j(are)e(written)g(to)f(output)h (section)75 665 y Ft(outputc)p Fu(.)195 727 y Ft(SECTIONS)23 b({)243 779 y(outputa)g(0x10000)g(:)290 831 y({)290 882 y(all.o)290 934 y(foo.o)h(\(.input1\))290 986 y(})243 1038 y(outputb)f(:)290 1090 y({)290 1142 y(foo.o)h(\(.input2\))290 1194 y(foo1.o)f(\(.input1\))290 1246 y(})243 1298 y(outputc)g(:)290 1349 y({)290 1401 y(*\(.input1\))290 1453 y(*\(.input2\))290 1505 y(})195 1557 y(})75 1618 y Fu(This)e(example)h(sho)o(ws)e(ho)o(w)h (wildcard)h(patterns)e(migh)o(t)h(b)q(e)h(used)f(to)f(partition)i (\014les.)37 b(All)23 b Ft(.text)75 1673 y Fu(sections)13 b(are)e(placed)j(in)f Ft(.text)p Fu(,)e(and)i(all)g Ft(.bss)e Fu(sections)i(are)f(placed)h(in)g Ft(.bss)p Fu(.)18 b(F)l(or)12 b(all)h(\014les)g(b)q(eginning)75 1728 y(with)i(an)f(upp)q(er)h(case)g (c)o(haracter,)e(the)h Ft(.data)g Fu(section)h(is)g(placed)g(in)o(to)f Ft(.DATA)p Fu(;)g(for)g(all)h(other)f(\014les,)h(the)75 1783 y Ft(.data)f Fu(section)i(is)g(placed)g(in)o(to)g Ft(.data)p Fu(.)195 1845 y Ft(SECTIONS)23 b({)243 1897 y(.text)g(:)h({)f(*\(.text\))g(})243 1949 y(.DATA)g(:)h({)f ([A-Z]*\(.data\))f(})243 2000 y(.data)h(:)h({)f(*\(.data\))g(})243 2052 y(.bss)g(:)h({)f(*\(.bss\))g(})195 2104 y(})75 2205 y Fk(3.4.3)30 b(Section)20 b(Data)g(Expressions)75 2299 y Fu(The)12 b(foregoing)g(statemen)o(ts)e(arrange,)i(in)h(y)o(our)e (output)h(\014le,)h(data)e(originating)i(from)e(y)o(our)g(input)i (\014les.)75 2354 y(Y)l(ou)j(can)f(also)g(place)i(data)e(directly)h(in) g(an)g(output)f(section)h(from)f(the)g(link)i(command)e(script.)21 b(Most)75 2409 y(of)15 b(these)i(additional)g(statemen)o(ts)e(in)o(v)o (olv)o(e)h(expressions)h(\(see)e(Section)i(3.2)e([Expressions],)h(page) f(19\).)75 2464 y(Although)23 b(these)f(statemen)o(ts)f(are)h(sho)o(wn) g(separately)g(here)h(for)e(ease)h(of)g(presen)o(tation,)i(no)e(suc)o (h)75 2518 y(segregation)10 b(is)h(needed)h(within)f(a)f(section)h (de\014nition)h(in)f(the)g Ft(SECTIONS)e Fu(command;)j(y)o(ou)e(can)g (in)o(termix)75 2573 y(them)15 b(freely)h(with)g(an)o(y)e(of)h(the)g (statemen)o(ts)g(w)o(e'v)o(e)f(just)h(describ)q(ed.)75 2658 y Ft(CREATE_OBJECT_SYMBOLS)315 2713 y Fu(Create)j(a)g(sym)o(b)q (ol)h(for)f(eac)o(h)h(input)g(\014le)h(in)f(the)g(curren)o(t)f (section,)i(set)e(to)g(the)h(address)315 2768 y(of)c(the)h(\014rst)f(b) o(yte)h(of)f(data)g(written)h(from)f(that)g(input)i(\014le.)22 b(F)l(or)15 b(instance,)i(with)f Ft(a.out)315 2823 y Fu(\014les)f(it)f(is)h(con)o(v)o(en)o(tional)f(to)f(ha)o(v)o(e)h(a)f (sym)o(b)q(ol)i(for)e(eac)o(h)h(input)h(\014le.)20 b(Y)l(ou)15 b(can)f(accomplish)315 2878 y(this)i(b)o(y)f(de\014ning)h(the)g(output) f Ft(.text)f Fu(section)i(as)f(follo)o(ws:)p eop %%Page: 31 33 31 32 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(3:)k(Command)c(Language)1113 b(31)435 391 y Ft(SECTIONS)23 b({)483 443 y(.text)g(0x2020)g(:)554 495 y({)530 546 y(CREATE_OBJECT_SYMBOLS)530 598 y(*\(.text\))530 650 y(_etext)g(=)h(ALIGN\(0x2000\);)530 702 y(})483 754 y Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)435 806 y Ft(})315 875 y Fu(If)19 b Ft(sample.ld)f Fu(is)h(a)g(\014le)h(con)o(taining)g(this)f(script,)h (and)f Ft(a.o)p Fu(,)g Ft(b.o)p Fu(,)h Ft(c.o)p Fu(,)f(and)g Ft(d.o)f Fu(are)315 930 y(four)d(input)h(\014les)g(with)g(con)o(ten)o (ts)e(lik)o(e)j(the)e(follo)o(wing|)435 999 y Ft(/*)24 b(a.c)f(*/)435 1103 y(afunction\(\))f({)i(})435 1155 y(int)f(adata=1;)435 1207 y(int)g(abss;)315 1276 y Fu(`)p Ft(ld)15 b(-M)f(-T)h(sample.ld)f(a.o)h(b.o)g(c.o)f(d.o)p Fu(')d(w)o(ould)h(create)f(a)g(map)g(lik)o(e)h(this,)g(con)o(taining) 315 1331 y(sym)o(b)q(ols)j(matc)o(hing)h(the)f(ob)s(ject)g(\014le)h (names:)435 1400 y Ft(00000000)23 b(A)g(__DYNAMIC)435 1452 y(00004020)g(B)g(_abss)435 1504 y(00004000)g(D)g(_adata)435 1556 y(00002020)g(T)g(_afunction)435 1608 y(00004024)g(B)g(_bbss)435 1660 y(00004008)g(D)g(_bdata)435 1712 y(00002038)g(T)g(_bfunction)435 1763 y(00004028)g(B)g(_cbss)435 1815 y(00004010)g(D)g(_cdata)435 1867 y(00002050)g(T)g(_cfunction)435 1919 y(0000402c)g(B)g(_dbss)435 1971 y(00004018)g(D)g(_ddata)435 2023 y(00002068)g(T)g(_dfunction)435 2075 y(00004020)g(D)g(_edata)435 2127 y(00004030)g(B)g(_end)435 2179 y(00004000)g(T)g(_etext)435 2230 y(00002020)g(t)g(a.o)435 2282 y(00002038)g(t)g(b.o)435 2334 y(00002050)g(t)g(c.o)435 2386 y(00002068)g(t)g(d.o)75 2476 y Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)17 b Ft(=)e Fn(expression)h Ft(;)75 2531 y Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)h(f)9 b Ft(=)15 b Fn(expression)h Ft(;)315 2586 y Fn(sym)o(b)q(ol)g Fu(is)f(an)o(y)f(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(name)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.2.2)d([Sym)o (b)q(ols],)i(page)g(20\).)19 b(\\)p Fn(f)8 b Fu(=")14 b(refers)315 2641 y(to)j(an)o(y)g(of)g(the)g(op)q(erators)g Ft(&=)e(+=)g(-=)f(*=)h(/=)i Fu(whic)o(h)i(com)o(bine)f(arithmetic)g (and)g(assign-)315 2695 y(men)o(t.)315 2768 y(When)c(y)o(ou)g(assign)g (a)g(v)m(alue)h(to)e(a)h(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(within)h(a)f(particular)h (section)f(de\014nition,)i(the)315 2823 y(v)m(alue)f(is)f(relativ)o(e)h (to)e(the)h(b)q(eginning)i(of)e(the)g(section)g(\(see)g(Section)h (3.2.6)d([Assignmen)o(t],)315 2878 y(page)j(22\).)k(If)c(y)o(ou)g (write)p eop %%Page: 32 34 32 33 bop 75 149 a Fu(32)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 435 391 y Ft(SECTIONS)23 b({)483 443 y(abs)g(=)h(14)f(;)483 495 y Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)483 546 y Ft(.data)23 b(:)h({)f Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)22 b Ft(rel)i(=)f(14)h(;)g Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)22 b Ft(})483 598 y(abs2)h(=)h(14)f(+)h(ADDR\(.data\);)483 650 y Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)435 702 y Ft(})315 768 y(abs)15 b Fu(and)g Ft(rel)g Fu(do)g(not)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(the)g(same)g(v)m(alue;)h Ft(rel)f Fu(has)g(the)g(same)g(v)m(alue)h(as)f Ft(abs2)p Fu(.)75 852 y Ft(BYTE\()p Fn(expression)p Ft(\))75 907 y(SHORT\()p Fn(expression)p Ft(\))75 962 y(LONG\()p Fn(expression)p Ft(\))75 1017 y(QUAD\()p Fn(expression)p Ft(\))75 1071 y(SQUAD\()p Fn(expression)p Ft(\))315 1126 y Fu(By)j(including)i(one)e (of)f(these)g(four)g(statemen)o(ts)g(in)h(a)f(section)h(de\014nition,)i (y)o(ou)d(can)h(ex-)315 1181 y(plicitly)e(place)e(one,)f(t)o(w)o(o,)f (four,)h(eigh)o(t)h(unsigned,)h(or)d(eigh)o(t)i(signed)g(b)o(ytes)f (\(resp)q(ectiv)o(ely\))315 1236 y(at)f(the)h(curren)o(t)g(address)g (of)g(that)f(section.)20 b(When)13 b(using)h(a)f(64)f(bit)i(host)e(or)h (target,)f Ft(QUAD)315 1290 y Fu(and)19 b Ft(SQUAD)f Fu(are)h(the)g(same.)31 b(When)19 b(b)q(oth)g(host)g(and)g(target)e (are)i(32)f(bits,)i Ft(QUAD)f Fu(uses)315 1345 y(an)d(unsigned)h(32)e (bit)h(v)m(alue,)h(and)f Ft(SQUAD)f Fu(sign)i(extends)f(the)g(v)m (alue.)23 b(Both)15 b(will)j(use)e(the)315 1400 y(correct)f(endianness) i(when)e(writing)h(out)f(the)g(v)m(alue.)315 1470 y(Multiple-b)o(yte)j (quan)o(tities)e(are)g(represen)o(ted)g(in)g(whatev)o(er)g(b)o(yte)f (order)h(is)g(appropriate)315 1524 y(for)f(the)g(output)g(\014le)h (format)e(\(see)h(Chapter)g(5)g([BFD],)e(page)j(47\).)75 1608 y Ft(FILL\()p Fn(expression)p Ft(\))315 1663 y Fu(Sp)q(ecify)22 b(the)e(\\\014ll)h(pattern")e(for)g(the)h(curren)o(t)g(section.)35 b(An)o(y)20 b(otherwise)g(unsp)q(eci\014ed)315 1718 y(regions)f(of)g (memory)g(within)h(the)f(section)h(\(for)e(example,)j(regions)e(y)o(ou) g(skip)h(o)o(v)o(er)e(b)o(y)315 1773 y(assigning)f(a)g(new)f(v)m(alue)i (to)e(the)h(lo)q(cation)g(coun)o(ter)f(`)p Ft(.)p Fu('\))f(are)i (\014lled)h(with)f(the)g(t)o(w)o(o)e(least)315 1828 y(signi\014can)o(t) f(b)o(ytes)f(from)g(the)g Fn(expression)h Fu(argumen)o(t.)k(A)c Ft(FILL)e Fu(statemen)o(t)g(co)o(v)o(ers)h(mem-)315 1882 y(ory)19 b(lo)q(cations)h Fn(after)i Fu(the)e(p)q(oin)o(t)f(it)h(o)q (ccurs)g(in)g(the)g(section)g(de\014nition;)j(b)o(y)c(including)315 1937 y(more)c(than)h(one)g Ft(FILL)f Fu(statemen)o(t,)f(y)o(ou)i(can)g (ha)o(v)o(e)f(di\013eren)o(t)h(\014ll)h(patterns)e(in)i(di\013eren)o(t) 315 1992 y(parts)e(of)f(an)h(output)g(section.)75 2113 y Fk(3.4.4)30 b(Optional)20 b(Section)g(A)n(ttributes)75 2213 y Fu(Here)15 b(is)h(the)f(full)i(syn)o(tax)d(of)h(a)g(section)h (de\014nition,)h(including)g(all)g(the)e(optional)h(p)q(ortions:)195 2282 y Ft(SECTIONS)23 b({)195 2334 y Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)195 2386 y Fn(secname)27 b(start)c Ft(BLOCK\()p Fn(align)p Ft(\))h(\(NOLOAD\))f(:)h(AT)f(\()h Fn(ldadr)k Ft(\))243 2438 y({)23 b Fn(con)o(ten)o(ts)j Ft(})d(>)p Fn(region)h Ft(:)p Fn(phdr)k Ft(=)p Fn(\014ll)195 2490 y Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)195 2542 y Ft(})75 2612 y Fn(secname)16 b Fu(and)d Fn(con)o(ten)o(ts)h Fu(are)e(required.)20 b(See)14 b(Section)f(3.4.1)e([Section)j (De\014nition],)f(page)g(27,)f(and)h(Sec-)75 2667 y(tion)j(3.4.2)e ([Section)i(Placemen)o(t],)f(page)g(28,)g(for)g(details)h(on)f Fn(con)o(ten)o(ts)p Fu(.)21 b(The)15 b(remaining)i(elemen)o(ts|)75 2722 y Fn(start)p Fu(,)d Ft(BLOCK\()p Fn(align\))q Fu(,)g Ft(\(NOLOAD\))p Fu(,)g Ft(AT)g(\()h Fn(ldadr)k Ft(\))p Fu(,)c Ft(>)p Fn(region)p Fu(,)g Ft(:)p Fn(phdr)s Fu(,)h(and)f Ft(=)p Fn(\014ll)r Fu(|are)h(all)h(optional.)75 2823 y Fn(start)145 b Fu(Y)l(ou)18 b(can)f(force)g(the)h(output)f(section)h (to)f(b)q(e)h(loaded)g(at)f(a)g(sp)q(eci\014ed)i(address)f(b)o(y)f(sp)q (ec-)315 2878 y(ifying)h Fn(start)f Fu(immediately)i(follo)o(wing)e (the)h(section)f(name.)26 b Fn(start)17 b Fu(can)g(b)q(e)g(represen)o (ted)p eop %%Page: 33 35 33 34 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(3:)k(Command)c(Language)1113 b(33)315 391 y(as)15 b(an)o(y)g(expression.)22 b(The)15 b(follo)o(wing)i(example)f(generates)f(section)h Fn(output)g Fu(at)f(lo)q(cation)315 446 y Ft(0x40000000)p Fu(:)435 517 y Ft(SECTIONS)23 b({)483 569 y Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)483 621 y Ft(output)23 b(0x40000000:)f({)530 673 y Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)530 725 y Ft(})483 777 y Fi(:)g(:)g(:)435 828 y Ft(})75 919 y(BLOCK\()p Fn(align)p Ft(\))315 974 y Fu(Y)l(ou)16 b(can)g(include)i Ft(BLOCK\(\))d Fu(sp)q(eci\014cation)j (to)d(adv)m(ance)i(the)f(lo)q(cation)g(coun)o(ter)g Ft(.)g Fu(prior)315 1029 y(to)h(the)g(b)q(eginning)i(of)e(the)g(section,)h(so) f(that)g(the)g(section)h(will)g(b)q(egin)h(at)e(the)g(sp)q(eci\014ed) 315 1083 y(alignmen)o(t.)k Fn(align)16 b Fu(is)f(an)g(expression.)75 1178 y Ft(\(NOLOAD\))48 b Fu(The)14 b(`)p Ft(\(NOLOAD\))p Fu(')d(directiv)o(e)k(will)g(mark)e(a)g(section)h(to)f(not)g(b)q(e)h (loaded)h(at)d(run)i(time.)20 b(The)315 1232 y(link)o(er)i(will)g(pro)q (cess)e(the)h(section)g(normally)l(,)h(but)e(will)i(mark)e(it)g(so)g (that)g(a)g(program)315 1287 y(loader)d(will)h(not)f(load)g(it)g(in)o (to)f(memory)l(.)24 b(F)l(or)16 b(example,)i(in)g(the)e(script)h (sample)h(b)q(elo)o(w,)315 1342 y(the)g Ft(ROM)g Fu(section)h(is)f (addressed)h(at)e(memory)h(lo)q(cation)h(`)p Ft(0)p Fu(')e(and)i(do)q (es)f(not)g(need)h(to)e(b)q(e)315 1397 y(loaded)h(when)f(the)g(program) f(is)i(run.)26 b(The)17 b(con)o(ten)o(ts)f(of)h(the)g Ft(ROM)f Fu(section)i(will)h(app)q(ear)315 1452 y(in)d(the)f(link)o(er) i(output)e(\014le)h(as)f(usual.)435 1523 y Ft(SECTIONS)23 b({)483 1575 y(ROM)47 b(0)h(\(NOLOAD\))e(:)24 b({)g Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)22 b Ft(})483 1627 y Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)435 1679 y Ft(})75 1769 y(AT)15 b(\()g Fn(ldadr)k Ft(\))315 1824 y Fu(The)d(expression)g Fn(ldadr)k Fu(that)15 b(follo)o(ws)h(the)f Ft(AT)h Fu(k)o(eyw)o(ord)f(sp)q(eci\014es)i(the)f(load)g(address)f(of) 315 1879 y(the)20 b(section.)34 b(The)20 b(default)g(\(if)g(y)o(ou)f (do)h(not)f(use)h(the)g Ft(AT)g Fu(k)o(eyw)o(ord\))e(is)j(to)e(mak)o(e) g(the)315 1934 y(load)g(address)h(the)f(same)g(as)f(the)h(relo)q (cation)h(address.)32 b(This)20 b(feature)e(is)i(designed)h(to)315 1989 y(mak)o(e)e(it)g(easy)h(to)e(build)k(a)d(R)o(OM)g(image.)33 b(F)l(or)18 b(example,)j(this)f Ft(SECTIONS)e Fu(de\014nition)315 2043 y(creates)g(t)o(w)o(o)g(output)g(sections:)28 b(one)19 b(called)h(`)p Ft(.text)p Fu(',)e(whic)o(h)i(starts)d(at)h Ft(0x1000)p Fu(,)h(and)315 2098 y(one)j(called)h(`)p Ft(.mdata)p Fu(',)e(whic)o(h)h(is)g(loaded)g(at)f(the)g(end)h(of)f(the) h(`)p Ft(.text)p Fu(')e(section)i(ev)o(en)315 2153 y(though)15 b(its)g(relo)q(cation)g(address)g(is)g Ft(0x2000)p Fu(.)k(The)c(sym)o (b)q(ol)g Ft(_data)f Fu(is)i(de\014ned)g(with)f(the)315 2208 y(v)m(alue)h Ft(0x2000)p Fu(:)435 2279 y Ft(SECTIONS)483 2331 y({)483 2383 y(.text)23 b(0x1000)g(:)h({)f(*\(.text\))g(_etext)g (=)h(.)g(;)f(})483 2435 y(.mdata)g(0x2000)g(:)530 2487 y(AT)h(\()g(ADDR\(.text\))e(+)i(SIZEOF)f(\()h(.text)f(\))h(\))530 2539 y({)g(_data)f(=)h(.)g(;)g(*\(.data\);)e(_edata)h(=)h(.)g(;)47 b(})483 2591 y(.bss)23 b(0x3000)g(:)530 2643 y({)h(_bstart)f(=)h(.)g(;) 47 b(*\(.bss\))23 b(*\(COMMON\))g(;)g(_bend)h(=)f(.)h(;})435 2694 y(})315 2768 y Fu(The)16 b(run-time)g(initialization)i(co)q(de)f (\(for)d(C)h(programs,)f(usually)j Ft(crt0)p Fu(\))e(for)g(use)g(with)h (a)315 2823 y(R)o(OM)h(generated)h(this)f(w)o(a)o(y)f(has)h(to)g (include)i(something)f(lik)o(e)g(the)g(follo)o(wing,)g(to)e(cop)o(y)315 2878 y(the)f(initialized)k(data)14 b(from)h(the)g(R)o(OM)h(image)f(to)f (its)i(run)o(time)f(address:)p eop %%Page: 34 36 34 35 bop 75 149 a Fu(34)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 435 391 y Ft(char)23 b(*src)h(=)f(_etext;)435 443 y(char)g(*dst)h(=)f (_data;)435 546 y(/*)h(ROM)f(has)g(data)h(at)f(end)h(of)f(text;)h(copy) f(it.)g(*/)435 598 y(while)g(\(dst)g(<)h(_edata\))f({)483 650 y(*dst++)g(=)g(*src++;)435 702 y(})435 806 y(/*)h(Zero)f(bss)g(*/) 435 858 y(for)g(\(dst)h(=)f(_bstart;)g(dst<)h(_bend;)f(dst++\))483 910 y(*dst)g(=)h(0;)75 987 y(>)p Fn(region)95 b Fu(Assign)18 b(this)g(section)g(to)e(a)h(previously)i(de\014ned)g(region)f(of)f (memory)l(.)26 b(See)18 b(Section)g(3.3)315 1042 y([MEMOR)l(Y],)c(page) h(25.)75 1123 y Ft(:)p Fn(phdr)123 b Fu(Assign)12 b(this)h(section)f (to)f(a)h(segmen)o(t)f(describ)q(ed)j(b)o(y)d(a)h(program)f(header.)19 b(See)12 b(Section)h(3.5)315 1178 y([PHDRS],)k(page)g(35.)26 b(If)18 b(a)f(section)h(is)g(assigned)g(to)f(one)h(or)f(more)g(segmen)o (ts,)g(then)h(all)315 1233 y(subsequen)o(t)d(allo)q(cated)g(sections)g (will)g(b)q(e)g(assigned)g(to)f(those)f(segmen)o(ts)h(as)g(w)o(ell,)h (unless)315 1287 y(they)e(use)g(an)g(explicitly)i Ft(:)p Fn(phdr)i Fu(mo)q(di\014er.)j(T)l(o)13 b(prev)o(en)o(t)f(a)h(section)g (from)f(b)q(eing)i(assigned)315 1342 y(to)h(a)f(segmen)o(t)h(when)h(it) f(w)o(ould)h(normally)g(default)f(to)g(one,)g(use)h Ft(:NONE)p Fu(.)75 1423 y Ft(=)p Fn(\014ll)167 b Fu(Including)13 b Ft(=)p Fn(\014ll)g Fu(in)f(a)e(section)h(de\014nition)h(sp)q (eci\014es)g(the)e(initial)j(\014ll)f(v)m(alue)f(for)f(that)g(section.) 315 1478 y(Y)l(ou)j(ma)o(y)e(use)i(an)o(y)f(expression)i(to)d(sp)q (ecify)j Fn(\014ll)p Fu(.)21 b(An)o(y)12 b(unallo)q(cated)i(holes)f(in) h(the)e(curren)o(t)315 1533 y(output)k(section)g(when)g(written)g(to)f (the)h(output)f(\014le)i(will)g(b)q(e)g(\014lled)h(with)e(the)f(t)o(w)o (o)g(least)315 1588 y(signi\014can)o(t)j(b)o(ytes)f(of)f(the)i(v)m (alue,)g(rep)q(eated)g(as)e(necessary)l(.)26 b(Y)l(ou)18 b(can)f(also)g(c)o(hange)g(the)315 1642 y(\014ll)g(v)m(alue)f(with)g(a) e Ft(FILL)h Fu(statemen)o(t)f(in)i(the)g Fn(con)o(ten)o(ts)g Fu(of)f(a)g(section)g(de\014nition.)75 1757 y Fk(3.4.5)30 b(Ov)n(erla)n(ys)75 1855 y Fu(The)18 b Ft(OVERLAY)e Fu(command)h(pro)o (vides)h(an)f(easy)g(w)o(a)o(y)f(to)h(describ)q(e)i(sections)f(whic)o (h)g(are)f(to)f(b)q(e)i(loaded)75 1909 y(as)j(part)f(of)g(a)h(single)h (memory)f(image)g(but)g(are)f(to)g(b)q(e)i(run)f(at)f(the)h(same)g (memory)f(address.)37 b(A)o(t)75 1964 y(run)19 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y(})h(VERS_1.2;)75 924 y Fu(In)12 b(this)g(example,)g(three)f(v)o(ersion)h(no)q(des)g(are)e (de\014ned.)20 b(`)p Ft(VERS_1.1)p Fu(')10 b(is)h(the)h(\014rst)f(v)o (ersion)g(no)q(de)h(de\014ned,)75 979 y(and)19 b(has)f(no)g(other)g (dep)q(endencies.)32 b(The)19 b(sym)o(b)q(ol)f(`)p Ft(foo1)p Fu(')f(is)i(b)q(ound)g(to)f(this)h(v)o(ersion)f(no)q(de,)i(and)e(a)75 1034 y(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(of)g(sym)o(b)q(ols)g(that)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(app)q (eared)i(within)g(v)m(arious)f(ob)s(ject)f(\014les)i(are)f(reduced)h (in)f(scop)q(e)h(to)75 1089 y(lo)q(cal)e(so)f(that)g(they)g(are)g(not)g (visible)i(outside)f(of)f(the)g(shared)g(library)l(.)75 1155 y(Next,)i(the)g(no)q(de)h(`)p Ft(VERS_1.2)p Fu(')d(is)j (de\014ned.)27 b(It)17 b(dep)q(ends)h(up)q(on)g(`)p Ft(VERS_1.1)p Fu('.)24 b(The)17 b(sym)o(b)q(ol)h(`)p Ft(foo2)p Fu(')d(is)75 1210 y(b)q(ound)h(to)f(this)g(v)o(ersion)h(no)q(de.)75 1276 y(Finally)l(,)i(the)f(no)q(de)g(`)p Ft(VERS_2.0)p Fu(')d(is)j(de\014ned.)25 b(It)17 b(dep)q(ends)h(up)q(on)f(`)p 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y(in)i(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)g(`)p Ft(1.1)p Fu(')e(and)i(`)p Ft(1.2)p Fu('.)17 b(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)11 b(this)h(w)o(ould)g(b)q(e)g(a)f(confusing)h(w)o(a)o(y)f(to)g(write)g(a) g(v)o(ersion)h(script.)75 1804 y(When)21 b(y)o(ou)g(link)i(an)e (application)i(against)d(a)h(shared)g(library)h(that)f(has)g(v)o (ersioned)g(sym)o(b)q(ols,)i(the)75 1859 y(application)18 b(itself)g(kno)o(ws)e(whic)o(h)h(v)o(ersion)g(of)f(eac)o(h)g(sym)o(b)q (ol)h(it)g(requires,)g(and)g(it)g(also)f(kno)o(ws)g(whic)o(h)75 1914 y(v)o(ersion)h(no)q(des)h(it)f(needs)h(from)e(eac)o(h)h(shared)g (library)g(it)h(is)f(link)o(ed)i(against.)24 b(Th)o(us)17 b(at)g(run)o(time,)g(the)75 1969 y(dynamic)k(loader)e(can)h(mak)o(e)f (a)h(quic)o(k)g(c)o(hec)o(k)g(to)f(mak)o(e)g(sure)h(that)f(the)h (libraries)h(y)o(ou)e(ha)o(v)o(e)g(link)o(ed)75 2024 y(against)d(do)h(in)g(fact)f(supply)i(all)g(of)e(the)h(v)o(ersion)g(no) q(des)g(that)f(the)h(application)h(will)g(need)g(to)e(resolv)o(e)75 2078 y(all)h(of)e(the)h(dynamic)h(sym)o(b)q(ols.)22 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eop %%Page: 40 42 40 41 bop 75 149 a Fu(40)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 75 391 y(in)20 b(the)f(C)g(source)h(\014le.)33 b(This)19 b(renamed)h(the)f(function)h(`)p Ft(original_foo)p Fu(')d(to)i(b)q(e)h (an)f(alias)h(for)e(`)p Ft(foo)p Fu(')75 446 y(b)q(ound)f(to)f(the)h(v) o(ersion)g(no)q(de)g(`)p Ft(VERS_1.1)p Fu('.)22 b(The)16 b(`)p Ft(local:)p Fu(')f(directiv)o(e)j(can)f(b)q(e)g(used)g(to)f(prev) o(en)o(t)g(the)75 500 y(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(`)p Ft(original_foo)p Fu(')c(from)j(b)q(eing)h(exp)q(orted.)75 569 y(The)k(second)f(GNU)h (extension)g(is)g(to)e(allo)o(w)i(m)o(ultiple)h(v)o(ersions)f(of)e(the) i(same)f(function)h(to)f(app)q(ear)75 623 y(in)j(a)e(giv)o(en)h(shared) g(library)l(.)37 b(In)21 b(this)h(w)o(a)o(y)d(an)i(incompatible)i(c)o (hange)d(to)g(an)h(in)o(terface)g(can)g(tak)o(e)75 678 y(place)14 b(without)f(increasing)h(the)f(ma)s(jor)e(v)o(ersion)i(n)o (um)o(b)q(er)g(of)g(the)g(shared)g(library)l(,)h(while)g(still)g(allo)o (wing)75 733 y(applications)j(link)o(ed)g(against)d(the)i(old)f(in)o (terface)h(to)f(con)o(tin)o(ue)g(to)g(function.)75 801 y(This)g(can)f(only)h(b)q(e)g(accomplished)h(b)o(y)e(using)h(m)o (ultiple)h(`)p Ft(.symver)p Fu(')d(directiv)o(es)i(in)g(the)g(assem)o (bler.)20 b(An)75 856 y(example)c(of)f(this)g(w)o(ould)h(b)q(e:)195 921 y Ft(__asm__\(".symver)22 b(original_foo,foo@"\);)195 973 y(__asm__\(".symver)g(old_foo,foo@VERS_1.1"\);)195 1025 y(__asm__\(".symver)g(old_foo1,foo@VERS_1.2"\);)195 1077 y(__asm__\(".symver)g(new_foo,foo@@VERS_2.0"\);)75 1145 y Fu(In)17 b(this)g(example,)h(`)p Ft(foo@)p Fu(')d(represen)o(ts) i(the)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(`)p Ft(foo)p Fu(')e(b)q(ound)j(to)e(the)h(unsp)q (eci\014ed)i(base)e(v)o(ersion)75 1200 y(of)k(the)h(sym)o(b)q(ol.)40 b(The)22 b(source)g(\014le)g(that)f(con)o(tains)h(this)g(example)h(w)o (ould)f(de\014ne)h(4)e(C)h(functions:)75 1255 y(`)p Ft(original_foo)p Fu(',)12 b(`)p Ft(old_foo)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(old_foo1)p Fu(',)g(and)j(`)p Ft(new_foo)p Fu('.)75 1323 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Ft(OUTPUT_FORMAT)d Fu(is)i(not,)h(the)f (last)f Ft(TARGET)g Fu(argumen)o(t)g(is)i(also)f(used)g(as)f(the)h (default)315 2338 y(format)14 b(for)g(the)i Ft(ld)f Fu(output)g (\014le.)20 b(See)c(Chapter)f(5)g([BFD],)f(page)h(47.)315 2404 y(If)k(y)o(ou)f(don't)g(use)h(the)f Ft(TARGET)g Fu(command,)h Ft(ld)f Fu(uses)h(the)f(v)m(alue)i(of)e(the)h(en)o (vironmen)o(t)315 2459 y(v)m(ariable)13 b Ft(GNUTARGET)p Fu(,)e(if)h(a)o(v)m(ailable,)h(to)e(select)i(the)e(output)h(\014le)g (format.)18 b(If)12 b(that)f(v)m(ariable)315 2514 y(is)19 b(also)f(absen)o(t,)h Ft(ld)f Fu(uses)g(the)h(default)g(format)e (con\014gured)i(for)f(y)o(our)f(mac)o(hine)j(in)f(the)315 2569 y(BFD)c(libraries.)75 2647 y Ft(NOCROSSREFS)f(\()h Fn(section)g(section)h Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)13 b Ft(\))315 2702 y Fu(This)19 b(command)e(ma)o(y)h(b)q(e)g(used)h(to)e(tell)j Ft(ld)d Fu(to)h(issue)h(an)e(error)h(ab)q(out)g(an)o(y)f(references)315 2756 y(among)d(certain)i(sections.)315 2823 y(In)23 b(certain)g(t)o(yp) 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b(Section)g(5.1.1)d([BFD)h(information)i(loss],)75 1363 y(page)i(47.)75 1496 y Fs(5.1)33 b(Ho)n(w)21 b(it)i(w)n(orks:)33 b(an)23 b(outline)h(of)d(BFD)75 1594 y Fu(When)14 b(an)g(ob)s(ject)g (\014le)h(is)f(op)q(ened,)h(BFD)f(subroutines)h(automatically)f (determine)h(the)g(format)d(of)i(the)75 1649 y(input)19 b(ob)s(ject)e(\014le.)29 b(They)18 b(then)g(build)i(a)e(descriptor)g (in)g(memory)g(with)g(p)q(oin)o(ters)g(to)f(routines)i(that)75 1704 y(will)e(b)q(e)f(used)g(to)e(access)h(elemen)o(ts)h(of)f(the)g(ob) s(ject)g(\014le's)h(data)e(structures.)75 1773 y(As)21 b(di\013eren)o(t)g(information)g(from)f(the)h(the)g(ob)s(ject)f (\014les)i(is)f(required,)i(BFD)e(reads)g(from)f(di\013eren)o(t)75 1828 y(sections)h(of)e(the)i(\014le)g(and)f(pro)q(cesses)h(them.)34 b(F)l(or)20 b(example,)i(a)d(v)o(ery)h(common)g(op)q(eration)g(for)g (the)75 1883 y(link)o(er)f(is)f(pro)q(cessing)h(sym)o(b)q(ol)f(tables.) 28 b(Eac)o(h)17 b(BFD)g(bac)o(k)h(end)g(pro)o(vides)g(a)g(routine)g 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Fn(Information)i(can)f(b)q(e)i(lost)e(during)i(output.)36 b Fu(The)21 b(output)f(formats)g(supp)q(orted)h(b)o(y)g(BFD)f(do)g(not) 75 2480 y(pro)o(vide)13 b(iden)o(tical)h(facilities,)h(and)e (information)f(whic)o(h)i(can)e(b)q(e)i(describ)q(ed)g(in)f(one)g(form) f(has)g(no)o(where)75 2535 y(to)j(go)h(in)g(another)g(format.)21 b(One)16 b(example)h(of)f(this)g(is)g(alignmen)o(t)h(information)f(in)h Ft(b.out)p Fu(.)k(There)16 b(is)75 2589 y(no)o(where)h(in)g(an)g Ft(a.out)f Fu(format)f(\014le)j(to)e(store)g(alignmen)o(t)i (information)e(on)h(the)g(con)o(tained)g(data,)f(so)75 2644 y(when)i(a)f(\014le)i(is)f(link)o(ed)h(from)e Ft(b.out)f Fu(and)i(an)f Ft(a.out)g Fu(image)h(is)g(pro)q(duced,)h(alignmen)o(t)f (information)75 2699 y(will)h(not)e(propagate)g(to)g(the)g(output)g (\014le.)28 b(\(The)18 b(link)o(er)g(will)h(still)g(use)f(the)g (alignmen)o(t)g(information)75 2754 y(in)o(ternally)l(,)f(so)d(the)i (link)g(is)g(p)q(erformed)f(correctly\).)75 2823 y(Another)f(example)h (is)f(COFF)f(section)i(names.)k(COFF)14 b(\014les)h(ma)o(y)e(con)o (tain)h(an)g(unlimited)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)e(of)75 2878 y(sections,)j(eac)o(h)f(one)g(with)h(a)f(textual)g(section)h(name.)23 b(If)17 b(the)f(target)f(of)h(the)h(link)g(is)g(a)f(format)f(whic)o(h)p eop %%Page: 48 50 48 49 bop 75 149 a Fu(48)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 75 391 y(do)q(es)i(not)g(ha)o(v)o(e)g(man)o(y)g(sections)g(\(e.g.,)f Ft(a.out)p Fu(\))g(or)h(has)g(sections)h(without)f(names)g(\(e.g.,)f (the)h(Oasys)75 446 y(format\),)f(the)i(link)h(cannot)e(b)q(e)i(done)f (simply)l(.)29 b(Y)l(ou)17 b(can)h(circum)o(v)o(en)o(t)g(this)g (problem)h(b)o(y)e(describing)75 500 y(the)e(desired)i(input-to-output) e(section)h(mapping)g(with)g(the)f(link)o(er)h(command)f(language.)75 573 y Fn(Information)i(can)h(b)q(e)f(lost)h(during)g(canonicalization.) 28 b Fu(The)17 b(BFD)g(in)o(ternal)h(canonical)h(form)d(of)h(the)75 627 y(external)f(formats)e(is)i(not)f(exhaustiv)o(e;)h(there)f(are)h 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b(A)o(t)20 b(the)g(same)f(time,)j(the)e(bac)o(k)g(end)g(sa)o(v)o(es)g(a)o(w)o(a)o (y)e(an)o(y)i(information)75 1138 y(whic)o(h)15 b(ma)o(y)f(otherwise)g (b)q(e)i(lost.)j(If)c(the)f(data)g(is)h(then)f(written)h(bac)o(k)f(in)h (the)g(same)f(format,)f(the)h(bac)o(k)75 1193 y(end)h(routine)h(will)g (b)q(e)f(able)h(to)e(use)h(the)g(canonical)h(form)e(pro)o(vided)h(b)o (y)g(the)g(BFD)f(core)h(as)f(w)o(ell)i(as)e(the)75 1247 y(information)k(it)g(prepared)h(earlier.)29 b(Since)20 b(there)e(is)g(a)g(great)f(deal)i(of)f(commonalit)o(y)g(b)q(et)o(w)o (een)g(bac)o(k)75 1302 y(ends,)c(there)g(is)g(no)f(information)h(lost)f (when)h(linking)h(or)e(cop)o(ying)h(big)g(endian)h(COFF)e(to)g(little)i (endian)75 1357 y(COFF,)i(or)g Ft(a.out)g Fu(to)g Ft(b.out)p Fu(.)26 b(When)18 b(a)f(mixture)h(of)f(formats)f(is)i(link)o(ed,)i(the) e(information)f(is)h(only)75 1412 y(lost)d(from)g(the)g(\014les)h (whose)f(format)f(di\013ers)h(from)g(the)g(destination.)75 1534 y Fk(5.1.2)30 b(The)20 b(BFD)g(canonical)g(ob)s(ject-\014le)h (format)75 1635 y Fu(The)13 b(greatest)e(p)q(oten)o(tial)j(for)e(loss)h (of)f(information)h(o)q(ccurs)g(when)g(there)g(is)g(the)f(least)h(o)o (v)o(erlap)g(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)75 1690 y(the)18 b(information)g(pro)o (vided)h(b)o(y)f(the)g(source)g(format,)f(that)g(stored)h(b)o(y)g(the)g (canonical)h(format,)e(and)75 1745 y(that)e(needed)h(b)o(y)g(the)f (destination)h(format.)j(A)d(brief)g(description)g(of)f(the)h (canonical)g(form)f(ma)o(y)g(help)75 1799 y(y)o(ou)g(understand)h(whic) o(h)g(kinds)g(of)f(data)f(y)o(ou)h(can)g(coun)o(t)g(on)g(preserving)h (across)f(con)o(v)o(ersions.)75 1886 y Fn(\014les)165 b Fu(Information)13 b(stored)f(on)h(a)f(p)q(er-\014le)j(basis)e (includes)i(target)c(mac)o(hine)j(arc)o(hitecture,)f(par-)315 1941 y(ticular)18 b(implemen)o(tation)h(format)d(t)o(yp)q(e,)i(a)f (demand)h(pageable)g(bit,)g(and)f(a)h(write)f(pro-)315 1996 y(tected)g(bit.)25 b(Information)17 b(lik)o(e)h(Unix)g(magic)e(n)o 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(sym)o(b)q(ols)g(of)f(wildly)j(di\013eren)o(t)e(formats)f(without)h (problems.)p eop %%Page: 49 51 49 50 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(5:)k(BFD)1426 b(49)315 391 y(Normal)12 b(global)h(and)f(simple)h(lo)q(cal)g(sym)o(b)q(ols)g (are)f(main)o(tained)g(on)g(output,)h(so)e(an)h(output)315 446 y(\014le)23 b(\(no)e(matter)g(its)g(format\))f(will)k(retain)e(sym) o(b)q(ols)g(p)q(oin)o(ting)g(to)f(functions)i(and)f(to)315 500 y(global,)d(static,)f(and)h(common)e(v)m(ariables.)30 b(Some)18 b(sym)o(b)q(ol)h(information)f(is)g(not)g(w)o(orth)315 555 y(retaining;)26 b(in)c Ft(a.out)p Fu(,)h(t)o(yp)q(e)f(information)g (is)g(stored)f(in)i(the)f(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(table)g(as)g(long)315 610 y(sym)o(b)q(ol)d(names.)28 b(This)19 b(information)g(w)o(ould)f(b)q (e)h(useless)g(to)f(most)f(COFF)h(debuggers;)315 665 y(the)d(link)o(er)i(has)e(command)g(line)i(switc)o(hes)e(to)g(allo)o(w) g(users)g(to)g(thro)o(w)f(it)i(a)o(w)o(a)o(y)l(.)315 732 y(There)22 b(is)h(one)f(w)o(ord)f(of)h(t)o(yp)q(e)g(information)g 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i(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers,)e(and)h(addresses)f(in)h(the)f(output)h(\014le.)21 b(These)315 1768 y(addresses)12 b(ha)o(v)o(e)g(to)f(b)q(e)h(relo)q (cated)h(along)f(with)g(the)g(sym)o(b)q(ol)g(information.)19 b(Eac)o(h)12 b(sym)o(b)q(ol)315 1823 y(with)f(an)g(asso)q(ciated)g (list)g(of)g(line)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(records)g(p)q(oin)o(ts)g(to)f (the)h(\014rst)g(record)f(of)h(the)g(list.)315 1878 y(The)j(head)g(of)f (a)g(line)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(list)g(consists)g(of)f(a)g(p)q(oin)o(ter) h(to)f(the)h(sym)o(b)q(ol,)f(whic)o(h)i(allo)o(ws)315 1933 y(\014nding)k(out)e(the)g(address)h(of)f(the)g(function)i(whose)e (line)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(er)f(is)g(b)q(eing)g(describ)q(ed.)315 1987 y(The)12 b(rest)f(of)g(the)g(list)i(is)f(made)f(up)h(of)f(pairs:) 19 b(o\013sets)10 b(in)o(to)i(the)f(section)h(and)g(line)h(n)o(um)o(b)q (ers.)315 2042 y(An)o(y)18 b(format)f(whic)o(h)i(can)f(simply)h(deriv)o (e)g(this)f(information)h(can)f(pass)g(it)g(successfully)315 2097 y(b)q(et)o(w)o(een)e(formats)d(\(COFF,)h(IEEE)i(and)f(Oasys\).)p eop %%Page: 50 52 50 51 bop 75 149 a Fu(50)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) p eop %%Page: 51 53 51 52 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(6:)k(Rep)q(orting)e(Bugs)1210 b(51)75 391 y Fp(6)41 b(Rep)r(orting)27 b(Bugs)75 498 y Fu(Y)l(our)15 b(bug)h(rep)q(orts)e(pla)o(y)i(an)f(essen)o(tial)h (role)g(in)g(making)f Ft(ld)g Fu(reliable.)75 563 y(Rep)q(orting)h(a)f (bug)h(ma)o(y)e(help)j(y)o(ou)e(b)o(y)g(bringing)i(a)e(solution)h(to)f (y)o(our)f(problem,)i(or)f(it)g(ma)o(y)g(not.)20 b(But)75 618 y(in)13 b(an)o(y)f(case)h(the)f(principal)j(function)e(of)f(a)g (bug)h(rep)q(ort)f(is)h(to)f(help)i(the)e(en)o(tire)h(comm)o(unit)o(y)f (b)o(y)h(making)75 673 y(the)j(next)g(v)o(ersion)h(of)e Ft(ld)h Fu(w)o(ork)f(b)q(etter.)23 b(Bug)16 b(rep)q(orts)g(are)f(y)o (our)h(con)o(tribution)h(to)e(the)h(main)o(tenance)75 728 y(of)f Ft(ld)p Fu(.)75 793 y(In)e(order)f(for)f(a)h(bug)g(rep)q 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(principle)j(of)c(rep)q(orting)h(bugs)g(usefully)i(is)e(this:)20 b Fg(rep)q(ort)14 b(all)i(the)e(facts)p Fu(.)19 b(If)14 b(y)o(ou)f(are)75 2079 y(not)i(sure)g(whether)h(to)e(state)g(a)h(fact)g (or)g(lea)o(v)o(e)g(it)g(out,)g(state)f(it!)75 2144 y(Often)f(p)q (eople)h(omit)f(facts)f(b)q(ecause)i(they)f(think)g(they)g(kno)o(w)g (what)f(causes)h(the)g(problem)g(and)g(assume)75 2199 y(that)i(some)h(details)i(do)e(not)f(matter.)22 b(Th)o(us,)16 b(y)o(ou)g(migh)o(t)g(assume)g(that)g(the)g(name)g(of)g(a)g(sym)o(b)q (ol)g(y)o(ou)75 2254 y(use)j(in)g(an)f(example)h(do)q(es)g(not)f (matter.)28 b(W)l(ell,)20 b(probably)f(it)f(do)q(es)h(not,)f(but)h(one) f(cannot)g(b)q(e)h(sure.)75 2309 y(P)o(erhaps)h(the)h(bug)g(is)g(a)g (stra)o(y)e(memory)h(reference)i(whic)o(h)f(happ)q(ens)h(to)e(fetc)o(h) g(from)g(the)h(lo)q(cation)75 2363 y(where)16 b(that)f(name)h(is)g (stored)f(in)i(memory;)e(p)q(erhaps,)h(if)h(the)e(name)h(w)o(ere)g (di\013eren)o(t,)f(the)h(con)o(ten)o(ts)f(of)75 2418 y(that)g(lo)q(cation)i(w)o(ould)g(fo)q(ol)f(the)g(link)o(er)i(in)o(to)e (doing)h(the)f(righ)o(t)g(thing)g(despite)i(the)e(bug.)23 b(Pla)o(y)16 b(it)g(safe)75 2473 y(and)e(giv)o(e)f(a)g(sp)q(eci\014c,)j (complete)e(example.)20 b(That)13 b(is)h(the)f(easiest)h(thing)g(for)f (y)o(ou)g(to)f(do,)i(and)f(the)h(most)75 2528 y(helpful.)75 2593 y(Keep)i(in)g(mind)g(that)e(the)h(purp)q(ose)h(of)f(a)f(bug)i(rep) q(ort)e(is)i(to)e(enable)j(us)e(to)f(\014x)i(the)f(bug)g(if)g(it)h(is)f (new)h(to)75 2648 y(us.)k(Therefore,)14 b(alw)o(a)o(ys)g(write)h(y)o (our)g(bug)g(rep)q(orts)f(on)h(the)g(assumption)g(that)f(the)h(bug)g (has)f(not)h(b)q(een)75 2703 y(rep)q(orted)g(previously)l(.)75 2768 y(Sometimes)20 b(p)q(eople)g(giv)o(e)g(a)f(few)g(sk)o(etc)o(h)o(y) f(facts)h(and)g(ask,)h(\\Do)q(es)e(this)i(ring)f(a)g(b)q(ell?")35 b(Those)19 b(bug)75 2823 y(rep)q(orts)c(are)g(useless,)h(and)f(w)o(e)h (urge)f(ev)o(ery)o(one)g(to)g Fn(refuse)g(to)g(resp)q(ond)h(to)f(them)g Fu(except)h(to)e(c)o(hide)j(the)75 2878 y(sender)f(to)e(rep)q(ort)h (bugs)h(prop)q(erly)l(.)p eop %%Page: 52 54 52 53 bop 75 149 a Fu(52)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 75 391 y(T)l(o)g(enable)h(us)g(to)e(\014x)i(the)f(bug,)g(y)o(ou)g (should)h(include)i(all)e(these)f(things:)112 456 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(The)15 b(v)o(ersion)h(of)f Ft(ld)p Fu(.)k Ft(ld)c Fu(announces)h(it)f(if)h(y)o(ou)f(start)f(it)h(with)h(the)f(`)p Ft(--version)p Fu(')e(argumen)o(t.)165 521 y(Without)g(this,)h(w)o(e)f (will)i(not)e(kno)o(w)g(whether)g(there)g(is)h(an)o(y)f(p)q(oin)o(t)h (in)g(lo)q(oking)g(for)f(the)g(bug)h(in)g(the)165 576 y(curren)o(t)h(v)o(ersion)h(of)e Ft(ld)p Fu(.)112 641 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(An)o(y)18 b(patc)o(hes)h(y)o(ou)f(ma)o(y)f(ha)o(v)o (e)h(applied)j(to)c(the)i Ft(ld)f Fu(source,)h(including)i(an)o(y)d (patc)o(hes)g(made)h(to)165 696 y(the)c Ft(BFD)g Fu(library)l(.)112 761 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(The)11 b(t)o(yp)q(e)g(of)g(mac)o(hine)h(y)o(ou)f (are)g(using,)h(and)f(the)g(op)q(erating)h(system)e(name)h(and)h(v)o 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i(y)o(ou)e(observ)o(e)h(that)f(y)o(ou)h(b)q(eliev)o(e)i(is)e (incorrect.)20 b(F)l(or)13 b(example,)165 1699 y(\\It)i(gets)g(a)g (fatal)f(signal.")165 1764 y(Of)g(course,)h(if)f(the)h(bug)f(is)h(that) e Ft(ld)h Fu(gets)g(a)g(fatal)g(signal,)g(then)h(w)o(e)f(will)i (certainly)f(notice)g(it.)20 b(But)165 1819 y(if)e(the)g(bug)g(is)h (incorrect)f(output,)g(w)o(e)g(migh)o(t)g(not)f(notice)i(unless)g(it)f (is)g(glaringly)h(wrong.)28 b(Y)l(ou)165 1874 y(migh)o(t)15 b(as)g(w)o(ell)h(not)f(giv)o(e)g(us)h(a)e(c)o(hance)i(to)f(mak)o(e)f(a) h(mistak)o(e.)165 1939 y(Ev)o(en)h(if)h(the)g(problem)g(y)o(ou)f(exp)q (erience)i(is)f(a)f(fatal)g(signal,)h(y)o(ou)f(should)h(still)h(sa)o(y) d(so)h(explicitly)l(.)165 1994 y(Supp)q(ose)f(something)e(strange)g(is) h(going)g(on,)f(suc)o(h)h(as,)f(y)o(our)g(cop)o(y)h(of)f Ft(ld)g Fu(is)h(out)f(of)g(sync)o(h,)h(or)f(y)o(ou)165 2049 y(ha)o(v)o(e)j(encoun)o(tered)h(a)f(bug)h(in)g(the)g(C)f(library)h (on)g(y)o(our)f(system.)23 b(\(This)17 b(has)f(happ)q(ened!\))25 b(Y)l(our)165 2103 y(cop)o(y)14 b(migh)o(t)f(crash)h(and)g(ours)g(w)o (ould)g(not.)19 b(If)14 b(y)o(ou)g(told)g(us)g(to)f(exp)q(ect)i(a)e (crash,)h(then)g(when)g(ours)165 2158 y(fails)j(to)f(crash,)g(w)o(e)h (w)o(ould)f(kno)o(w)g(that)g(the)h(bug)f(w)o(as)g(not)g(happ)q(ening)i (for)e(us.)24 b(If)17 b(y)o(ou)f(had)g(not)165 2213 y(told)f(us)h(to)e (exp)q(ect)i(a)f(crash,)g(then)h(w)o(e)e(w)o(ould)i(not)f(b)q(e)h(able) g(to)e(dra)o(w)h(an)o(y)g(conclusion)i(from)d(our)165 2268 y(observ)m(ations.)112 2333 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(If)15 b(y)o(ou)g(wish)h(to)e(suggest)h(c)o(hanges)g(to)f(the)h Ft(ld)g Fu(source,)g(send)h(us)f(con)o(text)f(di\013s,)h(as)g (generated)g(b)o(y)165 2388 y Ft(diff)g Fu(with)h(the)g(`)p Ft(-u)p Fu(',)e(`)p Ft(-c)p Fu(',)g(or)h(`)p Ft(-p)p Fu(')g(option.)21 b(Alw)o(a)o(ys)16 b(send)g(di\013s)g(from)e(the)i (old)g(\014le)h(to)e(the)h(new)165 2442 y(\014le.)23 b(If)15 b(y)o(ou)h(ev)o(en)g(discuss)h(something)f(in)g(the)g Ft(ld)g Fu(source,)f(refer)h(to)f(it)h(b)o(y)f(con)o(text,)g(not)h(b)o (y)f(line)165 2497 y(n)o(um)o(b)q(er.)165 2562 y(The)20 b(line)h(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)f(in)h(our)e(dev)o(elopmen)o(t)h(sources)g (will)h(not)e(matc)o(h)g(those)h(in)g(y)o(our)f(sources.)165 2617 y(Y)l(our)c(line)i(n)o(um)o(b)q(ers)f(w)o(ould)f(con)o(v)o(ey)g (no)g(useful)i(information)e(to)f(us.)75 2693 y(Here)h(are)g(some)g (things)h(that)e(are)h(not)g(necessary:)112 2758 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(A)15 b(description)i(of)e(the)g(en)o(v)o(elop)q(e)h(of)f(the)g (bug.)165 2823 y(Often)h(p)q(eople)i(who)e(encoun)o(ter)g(a)g(bug)g(sp) q(end)h(a)f(lot)g(of)g(time)g(in)o(v)o(estigating)h(whic)o(h)g(c)o (hanges)f(to)165 2878 y(the)f(input)h(\014le)h(will)g(mak)o(e)d(the)i (bug)f(go)g(a)o(w)o(a)o(y)e(and)j(whic)o(h)g(c)o(hanges)f(will)i(not)d (a\013ect)h(it.)p eop %%Page: 53 55 53 54 bop 75 149 a Fu(Chapter)15 b(6:)k(Rep)q(orting)e(Bugs)1210 b(53)165 391 y(This)20 b(is)f(often)g(time)h(consuming)f(and)h(not)e(v) o(ery)h(useful,)i(b)q(ecause)f(the)f(w)o(a)o(y)f(w)o(e)h(will)i(\014nd) f(the)165 446 y(bug)c(is)g(b)o(y)f(running)i(a)e(single)i(example)f (under)g(the)g(debugger)g(with)f(breakp)q(oin)o(ts,)h(not)f(b)o(y)g (pure)165 500 y(deduction)24 b(from)d(a)h(series)g(of)g(examples.)41 b(W)l(e)23 b(recommend)f(that)f(y)o(ou)h(sa)o(v)o(e)g(y)o(our)f(time)i (for)165 555 y(something)15 b(else.)165 622 y(Of)g(course,)f(if)h(y)o (ou)g(can)f(\014nd)i(a)e(simpler)i(example)f(to)f(rep)q(ort)h Fn(instead)i Fu(of)d(the)g(original)i(one,)f(that)165 677 y(is)h(a)f(con)o(v)o(enience)j(for)d(us.)21 b(Errors)14 b(in)j(the)f(output)f(will)i(b)q(e)g(easier)f(to)f(sp)q(ot,)g(running)i (under)f(the)165 732 y(debugger)g(will)g(tak)o(e)f(less)h(time,)f(and)g (so)g(on.)165 799 y(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)21 b(simpli\014cation)j(is)e(not) f(vital;)j(if)e(y)o(ou)f(do)g(not)g(w)o(an)o(t)g(to)f(do)h(this,)i(rep) q(ort)e(the)h(bug)165 854 y(an)o(yw)o(a)o(y)14 b(and)h(send)h(us)f(the) h(en)o(tire)f(test)g(case)g(y)o(ou)g(used.)112 921 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(A)15 b(patc)o(h)g(for)g(the)g(bug.)165 989 y(A)j(patc)o(h)f(for)g(the)h(bug)g(do)q(es)g(help)h(us)f(if)g(it)g (is)g(a)g(go)q(o)q(d)f(one.)28 b(But)17 b(do)h(not)f(omit)h(the)g (necessary)165 1043 y(information,)e(suc)o(h)g(as)f(the)h(test)f(case,) h(on)g(the)g(assumption)g(that)f(a)g(patc)o(h)h(is)g(all)h(w)o(e)e (need.)23 b(W)l(e)165 1098 y(migh)o(t)15 b(see)h(problems)g(with)f(y)o (our)g(patc)o(h)g(and)h(decide)h(to)d(\014x)i(the)f(problem)h(another)f (w)o(a)o(y)l(,)f(or)h(w)o(e)165 1153 y(migh)o(t)g(not)g(understand)h (it)f(at)g(all.)165 1220 y(Sometimes)d(with)h(a)f(program)f(as)g (complicated)j(as)d Ft(ld)h Fu(it)g(is)h(v)o(ery)f(hard)g(to)f (construct)h(an)g(example)165 1275 y(that)h(will)j(mak)o(e)e(the)g (program)f(follo)o(w)h(a)g(certain)g(path)g(through)g(the)g(co)q(de.)20 b(If)15 b(y)o(ou)f(do)g(not)f(send)165 1330 y(us)k(the)f(example,)i(w)o (e)e(will)i(not)f(b)q(e)g(able)g(to)f(construct)g(one,)h(so)f(w)o(e)h (will)h(not)e(b)q(e)h(able)h(to)e(v)o(erify)165 1385 y(that)e(the)i(bug)f(is)h(\014xed.)165 1452 y(And)e(if)g(w)o(e)f (cannot)h(understand)g(what)f(bug)h(y)o(ou)f(are)g(trying)h(to)f (\014x,)g(or)g(wh)o(y)h(y)o(our)f(patc)o(h)g(should)165 1507 y(b)q(e)j(an)f(impro)o(v)o(emen)o(t,)f(w)o(e)h(will)i(not)e (install)i(it.)j(A)15 b(test)g(case)g(will)i(help)f(us)g(to)e (understand.)112 1574 y Fq(\017)30 b Fu(A)15 b(guess)g(ab)q(out)g(what) g(the)g(bug)h(is)f(or)g(what)g(it)g(dep)q(ends)i(on.)165 1641 y(Suc)o(h)d(guesses)f(are)g(usually)h(wrong.)19 b(Ev)o(en)13 b(w)o(e)g(cannot)g(guess)g(righ)o(t)g(ab)q(out)g(suc)o(h)g (things)h(without)165 1696 y(\014rst)h(using)h(the)f(debugger)h(to)e (\014nd)i(the)f(facts.)p eop %%Page: 54 56 54 55 bop 75 149 a Fu(54)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) p eop %%Page: 55 57 55 56 bop 75 149 a Fu(App)q(endix)17 b(A:)e(MRI)h(Compatible)g(Script)g (Files)907 b(55)75 391 y Fp(App)r(endix)25 b(A)41 b(MRI)26 b(Compatible)h(Script)f(Files)75 512 y Fu(T)l(o)16 b(aid)h(users)f (making)h(the)f(transition)h(to)f Fo(gnu)g Ft(ld)g Fu(from)f(the)i(MRI) g(link)o(er,)g Ft(ld)f Fu(can)h(use)f(MRI)h(com-)75 567 y(patible)d(link)o(er)g(scripts)f(as)f(an)g(alternativ)o(e)h(to)f(the)g (more)h(general-purp)q(ose)g(link)o(er)h(scripting)g(language)75 622 y(describ)q(ed)i(in)e(Chapter)g(3)f([Command)g(Language],)h(page)f (19.)19 b(MRI)14 b(compatible)h(link)o(er)g(scripts)f(ha)o(v)o(e)75 677 y(a)h(m)o(uc)o(h)h(simpler)g(command)g(set)f(than)g(the)h (scripting)g(language)g(otherwise)g(used)g(with)g Ft(ld)p Fu(.)k Fo(gnu)15 b Ft(ld)75 731 y Fu(supp)q(orts)j(the)f(most)g (commonly)h(used)g(MRI)g(link)o(er)h(commands;)f(these)g(commands)g (are)f(describ)q(ed)75 786 y(here.)75 855 y(In)f(general,)h(MRI)f (scripts)g(aren't)f(of)h(m)o(uc)o(h)f(use)i(with)f(the)g Ft(a.out)f Fu(ob)s(ject)g(\014le)i(format,)d(since)j(it)f(only)75 910 y(has)f(three)g(sections)h(and)f(MRI)h(scripts)g(lac)o(k)f(some)g (features)g(to)f(mak)o(e)h(use)h(of)e(them.)75 978 y(Y)l(ou)19 b(can)h(sp)q(ecify)g(a)f(\014le)i(con)o(taining)f(an)f(MRI-compatible)i (script)f(using)g(the)f(`)p Ft(-c)p Fu(')f(command-line)75 1033 y(option.)75 1102 y(Eac)o(h)11 b(command)h(in)g(an)g (MRI-compatible)h(script)f(o)q(ccupies)h(its)f(o)o(wn)f(line;)j(eac)o (h)e(command)f(line)i(starts)75 1157 y(with)22 b(the)f(k)o(eyw)o(ord)g (that)f(iden)o(ti\014es)k(the)d(command)g(\(though)g(blank)h(lines)h (are)e(also)h(allo)o(w)o(ed)g(for)75 1211 y(punctuation\).)f(If)16 b(a)f(line)i(of)e(an)g(MRI-compatible)i(script)f(b)q(egins)h(with)f(an) f(unrecognized)i(k)o(eyw)o(ord,)75 1266 y Ft(ld)e Fu(issues)h(a)f(w)o (arning)g(message,)f(but)i(con)o(tin)o(ues)f(pro)q(cessing)h(the)g (script.)75 1335 y(Lines)h(b)q(eginning)g(with)e(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')g(are)g(commen)o(ts.)75 1404 y(Y)l(ou)h(can)h(write)f (these)g(commands)g(using)h(all)g(upp)q(er-case)g(letters,)f(or)g(all)h (lo)o(w)o(er)f(case;)g(for)f(example,)75 1458 y(`)p Ft(chip)p Fu(')j(is)i(the)g(same)f(as)g(`)p Ft(CHIP)p Fu('.)32 b(The)20 b(follo)o(wing)g(list)g(sho)o(ws)f(only)i(the)e(upp)q(er-case) i(form)e(of)g(eac)o(h)75 1513 y(command.)75 1608 y Ft(ABSOLUTE)14 b Fn(secname)75 1663 y Ft(ABSOLUTE)g Fn(secname)p Ft(,)h Fn(secname)p Ft(,)h Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)13 b Fn(secname)315 1718 y Fu(Normally)l(,)22 b Ft(ld)e Fu(includes)j(in)e(the)g(output)f (\014le)h(all)h(sections)e(from)g(all)h(the)g(input)g(\014les.)315 1773 y(Ho)o(w)o(ev)o(er,)e(in)i(an)e(MRI-compatible)j(script,)e(y)o(ou) f(can)h(use)g(the)g Ft(ABSOLUTE)e Fu(command)315 1827 y(to)i(restrict)g(the)h(sections)g(that)f(will)i(b)q(e)g(presen)o(t)e (in)i(y)o(our)e(output)g(program.)35 b(If)21 b(the)315 1882 y Ft(ABSOLUTE)e Fu(command)h(is)h(used)g(at)e(all)i(in)g(a)f (script,)i(then)e(only)h(the)f(sections)h(named)315 1937 y(explicitly)h(in)f Ft(ABSOLUTE)d Fu(commands)i(will)h(app)q(ear)e(in)i (the)f(link)o(er)g(output.)33 b(Y)l(ou)20 b(can)315 1992 y(still)j(use)e(other)g(input)h(sections)g(\(whatev)o(er)e(y)o(ou)h (select)h(on)f(the)g(command)g(line,)j(or)315 2047 y(using)16 b Ft(LOAD)p Fu(\))e(to)h(resolv)o(e)g(addresses)h(in)g(the)f(output)g (\014le.)75 2128 y Ft(ALIAS)f Fn(out-secname)p Ft(,)i Fn(in-secname)315 2183 y Fu(Use)e(this)g(command)g(to)f(place)h(the)g (data)f(from)g(input)i(section)f Fn(in-secname)k Fu(in)c(a)f(section) 315 2237 y(called)k Fn(out-secname)h Fu(in)e(the)f(link)o(er)h(output)f (\014le.)315 2305 y Fn(in-secname)k Fu(ma)o(y)c(b)q(e)g(an)h(in)o (teger.)75 2386 y Ft(ALIGN)e Fn(secname)19 b Ft(=)c Fn(expression)315 2441 y Fu(Align)21 b(the)f(section)h(called)h Fn(secname)h Fu(to)c Fn(expression)p Fu(.)35 b(The)21 b Fn(expression)g Fu(should)g(b)q(e)f(a)315 2496 y(p)q(o)o(w)o(er)15 b(of)f(t)o(w)o(o.)75 2577 y Ft(BASE)h Fn(expression)315 2632 y Fu(Use)c(the)g(v)m(alue)h(of) f Fn(expression)g Fu(as)g(the)g(lo)o(w)o(est)f(address)h(\(other)f (than)h(absolute)g(addresses\))315 2687 y(in)16 b(the)f(output)g (\014le.)75 2768 y Ft(CHIP)g Fn(expression)75 2823 y Ft(CHIP)g Fn(expression)p Ft(,)h Fn(expression)315 2878 y Fu(This)g(command)f(do)q(es)g(nothing;)h(it)f(is)h(accepted)g(only)f (for)g(compatibilit)o(y)l(.)p eop %%Page: 56 58 56 57 bop 75 149 a Fu(56)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 75 391 y Ft(END)168 b Fu(This)16 b(command)f(do)q(es)g(nothing)h (whatev)o(er;)e(it's)h(only)h(accepted)g(for)e(compatibilit)o(y)l(.)75 470 y Ft(FORMAT)g Fn(output-format)315 525 y Fu(Similar)19 b(to)e(the)g Ft(OUTPUT_FORMAT)f Fu(command)h(in)h(the)g(more)f(general) h(link)o(er)g(language,)315 580 y(but)d(restricted)h(to)e(one)i(of)f (these)g(output)g(formats:)340 647 y(1.)29 b(S-records,)15 b(if)h Fn(output-format)f Fu(is)g(`)p Ft(S)p Fu(')340 715 y(2.)29 b(IEEE,)15 b(if)h Fn(output-format)e Fu(is)i(`)p Ft(IEEE)p Fu(')340 782 y(3.)29 b(COFF)15 b(\(the)g(`)p Ft(coff-m68k)p Fu(')e(v)m(arian)o(t)i(in)h(BFD\),)e(if)i Fn(output-format)f Fu(is)g(`)p Ft(COFF)p Fu(')75 874 y Ft(LIST)g Fn(an)o(ything)t Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)315 929 y Fu(Prin)o(t)k(\(to)f(the)h(standard)f(output)h(\014le\))g(a)g(link)h (map,)f(as)g(pro)q(duced)h(b)o(y)e(the)h Ft(ld)g Fu(command-)315 984 y(line)17 b(option)e(`)p Ft(-M)p Fu('.)315 1051 y(The)22 b(k)o(eyw)o(ord)e Ft(LIST)h Fu(ma)o(y)g(b)q(e)h(follo)o(w)o(ed)g(b)o(y) f(an)o(ything)h(on)f(the)h(same)f(line,)j(with)e(no)315 1106 y(c)o(hange)15 b(in)h(its)g(e\013ect.)75 1185 y Ft(LOAD)f Fn(\014lename)75 1240 y Ft(LOAD)g Fn(\014lename)p Ft(,)h Fn(\014lename)p Ft(,)g Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)13 b Fn(\014lename)315 1295 y Fu(Include)k(one)e(or)g(more)g(ob)s(ject)f(\014le)i Fn(\014lename)j Fu(in)d(the)f(link;)h(this)g(has)f(the)g(same)g (e\013ect)f(as)315 1350 y(sp)q(ecifying)j Fn(\014lename)i Fu(directly)d(on)g(the)f Ft(ld)g Fu(command)g(line.)75 1429 y Ft(NAME)g Fn(output-name)315 1484 y(output-name)g Fu(is)e(the)g(name)g(for)f(the)h(program)e(pro)q(duced)j(b)o(y)f Ft(ld)p Fu(;)f(the)h(MRI-compatible)315 1539 y(command)20 b Ft(NAME)f Fu(is)h(equiv)m(alen)o(t)h(to)e(the)h(command-line)h (option)f(`)p Ft(-o)p Fu(')f(or)g(the)g(general)315 1594 y(script)d(language)f(command)g Ft(OUTPUT)p Fu(.)75 1673 y Ft(ORDER)f Fn(secname)p Ft(,)i Fn(secname)p Ft(,)f Fi(:)8 b(:)g(:)13 b Fn(secname)75 1728 y Ft(ORDER)h Fn(secname)19 b(secname)f(secname)315 1783 y Fu(Normally)l(,)h Ft(ld)f Fu(orders)g(the)h(sections)g(in)g(its)f(output)g(\014le)i(in)f(the)f (order)h(in)g(whic)o(h)g(they)315 1838 y(\014rst)e(app)q(ear)g(in)h (the)g(input)g(\014les.)27 b(In)18 b(an)f(MRI-compatible)i(script,)f(y) o(ou)f(can)g(o)o(v)o(erride)315 1893 y(this)g(ordering)g(with)f(the)h Ft(ORDER)f Fu(command.)23 b(The)17 b(sections)g(y)o(ou)f(list)h(with)g Ft(ORDER)e Fu(will)315 1947 y(app)q(ear)g(\014rst)g(in)h(y)o(our)f (output)g(\014le,)h(in)g(the)f(order)g(sp)q(eci\014ed.)75 2027 y Ft(PUBLIC)f Fn(name)s Ft(=)p Fn(expression)75 2082 y Ft(PUBLIC)g Fn(name)p Ft(,)p Fn(expression)75 2137 y Ft(PUBLIC)g Fn(name)k(expression)315 2192 y Fu(Supply)f(a)f(v)m (alue)g(\()p Fn(expression)p Fu(\))g(for)f(external)h(sym)o(b)q(ol)g Fn(name)j Fu(used)d(in)g(the)g(link)o(er)h(input)315 2246 y(\014les.)75 2326 y Ft(SECT)e Fn(secname)p Ft(,)g Fn(expression)75 2381 y Ft(SECT)g Fn(secname)s Ft(=)p Fn(expression)75 2436 y Ft(SECT)g Fn(secname)j(expression)315 2490 y Fu(Y)l(ou)k(can)g(use)g(an)o(y)f(of)h(these)g(three)g(forms)f (of)g(the)h Ft(SECT)f Fu(command)h(to)f(sp)q(ecify)i(the)315 2545 y(start)12 b(address)i(\()p Fn(expression)p Fu(\))g(for)f(section) h Fn(secname)p Fu(.)19 b(If)14 b(y)o(ou)f(ha)o(v)o(e)g(more)g(than)h (one)g Ft(SECT)315 2600 y Fu(statemen)o(t)g(for)h(the)g(same)g Fn(secname)p Fu(,)g(only)h(the)f Fn(\014rst)h Fu(sets)f(the)g(start)f (address.)p eop %%Page: 57 59 57 58 bop 75 149 a Fu(Index)1645 b(57)75 391 y Fp(Index)75 553 y Fs(*)75 611 y Ff(*\()12 b(COMMON)f(\))e Fe(.)c(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)22 b Fd(29)75 661 y Ff(*\()p Fe(section)p Ff(\))6 b Fe(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)19 b Fd(28)75 777 y Fs(-)75 835 y Ff(-\()6 b Fe(.)f(.)i(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)19 b Fd(9)75 885 y Ff(--architec)o(tu)o(re=)o Fe(arc)o(h)5 b(.)t(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)17 b Fd(4)75 935 y Ff(--auxiliar)o(y)s Fe(.)s(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)16 b Fd(5)75 985 y Ff(--cref)9 b Fe(.)s(.)d(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)21 b Fd(10)75 1034 y Ff(--defsym)10 b Fe(sym)o(b)q(ol)q Ff(=)p Fe(exp)k(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)23 b Fd(10)75 1084 y Ff(--discard-)o(al)o(l) 6 b Fe(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)22 b Fd(9)75 1134 y Ff(--discard-)o(lo)o(cal)o(s)5 b Fe(.)s(.)h(.)g(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)18 b Fd(9)75 1184 y Ff(--dynamic-)o(li)o (nke)o(r)10 b Fe(\014le)f(.)d(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)19 b Fd(10)75 1234 y Ff(--embedded)o(-r)o(elo)o(cs)r Fe(.)t(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)16 b Fd(11)75 1284 y Ff(--entry=)p Fe(en)o(try)8 b(.)s(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)17 b Fd(5)75 1333 y 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Fe(.)g(.)e(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)21 b Fd(51)1012 2828 y Ff(CREATE)p 1134 2828 12 2 v 12 w(OBJECT)p 1266 2828 V 12 w(SYMBOLS)s Fe(.)t(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)17 b Fd(30)1012 2878 y(cross)d(reference)f(table)c Fe(.)e(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)22 b Fd(10)p eop %%Page: 59 61 59 60 bop 75 149 a Fu(Index)1645 b(59)75 391 y Fd(cross)13 b(references)7 b Fe(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) g(.)19 b Fd(42)75 441 y(curren)o(t)14 b(output)f(lo)q(cation)8 b Fe(.)g(.)e(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)20 b Fd(20)75 580 y Fs(D)75 639 y Fd(db)o(x)12 b Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g 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(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)22 b Fd(41)75 2678 y Ff(FORCE)p 177 2678 12 2 v 12 w(COMMON)p 309 2678 V 12 w(ALLOCATION)6 b Fe(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)22 b Fd(41)75 2728 y Ff(FORMAT)10 b Fd(\(MRI\))e Fe(.)f(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)21 b Fd(56)75 2778 y(format,)13 b(output)g(\014le)6 b Fe(.)i(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)19 b Fd(42)75 2828 y(functions)c(in)e(expression)i(language)d Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)22 b Fd(23)75 2878 y(fundamen)o(tal)15 b(script)f(commands)e Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.) 23 b Fd(19)1012 391 y Fs(G)1012 449 y Fb(gnu)13 b Fd(link)o(er)6 b 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b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)17 b Fd(4)1012 1763 y(input)e(sections)f(to)f(output)h (section)5 b Fe(.)j(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)h(.)18 b Fd(28)1012 1813 y(in)o(teger)c(notation)e Fe(.)7 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)24 b Fd(20)1012 1862 y(in)o(teger)14 b(su\016xes)s Fe(.)8 b(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)16 b Fd(20)1012 1912 y(in)o(ternal)f(ob)r(ject-\014le)f(format)5 b Fe(.)i(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)18 b Fd(48)1012 1962 y(in)o(v)n(alid)e(input)s Fe(.)8 b(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)17 b 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b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)24 b Fd(12)1012 2778 y(link)o(er)15 b(crash)t Fe(.)7 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)18 b Fd(51)1012 2828 y Ff(LIST)12 b Fd(\(MRI\))f Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)24 b Fd(56)1012 2878 y(little-endi)q(an)16 b(ob)r(jects)c Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)25 b Fd(10)p eop %%Page: 60 62 60 61 bop 75 149 a Fu(60)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 75 391 y Ff(LOAD)c Fd(\(MRI\))g Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)23 b Fd(56)75 441 y(load)14 b(address,)g(sp)q(ecifying)6 b Fe(.)i(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)18 b Fd(33)75 490 y Ff(LOADADDR\()p Fe(section)p Ff(\))5 b Fe(.)t(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)18 b Fd(23)75 540 y(loading,)d(prev)o(en)o(ting)9 b Fe(.)f(.)f(.)f(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)22 b Fd(33)75 590 y(lo)q(cal)15 b(sym)o(b)q(ols,)f (deleting)6 b Fe(.)j(.)d(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)19 b Fd(9)75 640 y(lo)q(cation)c(coun)o(ter)9 b Fe(.)e(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)21 b Fd(20)75 690 y Ff(LONG\()p Fe(expression)p Ff(\))8 b Fe(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)20 b Fd(32)75 796 y Fs(M)75 854 y Fd(M)13 b(and)h(K)e(in)o 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g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)24 b Fd(45)1012 1921 y(relo)q(catable)16 b(and)d(absolute)i(sym)o(b)q(ols)s Fe(.)8 b(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)16 b Fd(22)1012 1971 y(relo)q(catable)g (output)8 b Fe(.)f(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)21 b Fd(8)1012 2020 y(rep)q(orting)15 b(bugs)f(in)g Ff(ld)8 b Fe(.)d(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)21 b Fd(51)1012 2070 y(requiremen)o(ts)15 b(for)e(BFD)e Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)24 b Fd(47)1012 2120 y(retaining)16 b(sp)q(eci\014ed)f(sym)o(b)q (ols)t Fe(.)7 b(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)17 b Fd(12)1012 2170 y(rounding)f(up)d(lo)q (cation)i(coun)o(ter)d Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)24 b Fd(23)1012 2220 y(run)o(time)14 b(library)h(name)9 b Fe(.)e(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)22 b Fd(6)1012 2269 y(run)o(time)14 b(library)h(searc)o(h)f(path)7 b Fe(.)g(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)20 b Fd(12)1012 2371 y Fs(S)1012 2429 y Fd(scaled)15 b(in)o(tegers)6 b Fe(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)19 b Fd(20)1012 2479 y(script)14 b(\014les)8 b Fe(.)g(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)22 b Fd(8)1012 2529 y(searc)o(h)14 b(directory)m(,)g (from)f(cmd)g(line)t Fe(.)8 b(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)17 b Fd(7)1012 2579 y(searc)o(h)d(path,)f (libraries)h Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)24 b Fd(42)1012 2628 y Ff(SEARCH)p 1134 2628 V 12 w(DIR)12 b(\()g Fe(path)i Ff(\))6 b Fe(.)f(.)h(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)19 b Fd(42)1012 2678 y Ff(SECT)12 b Fd(\(MRI\))f Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)24 b Fd(56)1012 2728 y(section)15 b(address)t Fe(.)7 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)17 b Fd(23,)c(32)1012 2778 y(section)i(alignmen)o (t)6 b Fe(.)i(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)19 b Fd(33)1012 2828 y(section)c(alignmen)o(t,)f(w)o(arnings)h(on)t Fe(.)7 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.) 17 b Fd(16)1012 2878 y(section)e(de\014nition)d Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)23 b Fd(27)p eop %%Page: 61 63 61 62 bop 75 149 a Fu(Index)1645 b(61)75 391 y Fd(section)14 b(defn,)f(full)h(syn)o(tax)t Fe(.)7 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)16 b Fd(32)75 441 y(section)e(\014ll)h(pattern)8 b Fe(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)20 b Fd(34)75 490 y(section)14 b(load)g(address)e Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)23 b Fd(23)75 540 y(section)14 b(size)7 b Fe(.)h(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)20 b Fd(24)75 590 y(section)14 b(start)6 b Fe(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)19 b Fd(32)75 640 y(section,)14 b(assigning)i(to)c(memory)i(region)6 b Fe(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)18 b Fd(34)75 690 y(section,)c(assigning)i(to)c (program)i(header)7 b Fe(.)h(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)20 b Fd(34)75 739 y Ff(SECTIONS)6 b Fe(.)s(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)19 b Fd(26)75 789 y(segmen)o(t)13 b(origins,)i(cmd)e(line)8 b Fe(.)g(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)21 b Fd(14)75 839 y(semicolon)s Fe(.)9 b(.)d(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)16 b Fd(22)75 889 y(shared)e(libraries)7 b Fe(.)i(.)d(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)20 b Fd(13)75 939 y Ff(SHORT\()p Fe(expression)p Ff(\))6 b Fe(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)19 b Fd(32)75 989 y Ff(SIZEOF\()p Fe(section)p Ff(\))8 b Fe(.)t(.)e(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)21 b Fd(24)75 1038 y Ff(sizeof)p 197 1038 12 2 v 12 w(headers)7 b Fe(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)22 b Fd(25)75 1088 y Ff(SIZEOF)p 197 1088 V 12 w(HEADERS)7 b Fe(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)22 b Fd(25)75 1138 y(sp)q(ecify)14 b(load)g(address)f Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)24 b Fd(33)75 1188 y Ff(SQUAD\()p Fe(expression)p Ff(\))6 b Fe(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)19 b Fd(32)75 1238 y(standard)14 b(Unix)g(system)t Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)16 b Fd(3)75 1287 y(start)d(address,)h(section)c Fe(.)d(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) 22 b Fd(32)75 1337 y(start)13 b(of)g(execution)5 b Fe(.)j(.)e(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)18 b Fd(37)75 1387 y Ff(STARTUP)10 b(\()j Fe(\014lename)j Ff(\))9 b Fe(.)d(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)22 b Fd(42)75 1437 y(strip)14 b(all)g(sym)o(b)q(ols)7 b Fe(.)h(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)19 b Fd(8)75 1487 y(strip)14 b(debugger)g(sym)o(b)q(ols)f Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)23 b Fd(8)75 1537 y(stripping)15 b(all)g(but)e(some)g(sym)o(b)q(ols)6 b Fe(.)i(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)18 b Fd(12)75 1586 y(su\016xes)c(for)f(in)o(tegers)c Fe(.)e(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)h(.)21 b Fd(20)75 1636 y Fe(sym)o(b)q(ol)16 b Ff(=)c Fe(expression)j Ff(;)10 b Fe(.)c(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)23 b Fd(31)75 1686 y(sym)o(b)q(ol)14 b(defaults)t Fe(.)8 b(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)17 b Fd(24)75 1736 y(sym)o(b)q(ol)d(de\014nition,)i(scripts)11 b Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)23 b Fd(22)75 1786 y Fe(sym)o(b)q(ol)16 b(f)7 b Ff(=)12 b Fe(expression)j Ff(;)9 b Fe(.)d(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) 22 b Fd(31)75 1835 y(sym)o(b)q(ol)14 b(names)9 b Fe(.)e(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)22 b Fd(20)75 1885 y(sym)o(b)q(ol)14 b(tracing)t Fe(.)8 b(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)16 b Fd(9)75 1935 y(sym)o(b)q(ol)e(v)o (ersions)t Fe(.)8 b(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) 16 b Fd(38)75 1985 y(sym)o(b)q(ol-only)g(input)11 b Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)22 b Fd(8)1012 391 y(sym)o(b)q(ols,)15 b(from)d(command)i(line)5 b Fe(.)j(.)e(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)19 b Fd(10)1012 441 y(sym)o(b)q(ols,)c(relo)q(catable)g(and)f(absolute)6 b Fe(.)i(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)19 b Fd(22)1012 490 y(sym)o(b)q(ols,)c(retaining)g(selectiv)o(ely)e Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)24 b Fd(12)1012 540 y(syn)o(thesizing)16 b(link)o(er)6 b Fe(.)j(.)d(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)20 b Fd(11)1012 590 y(syn)o(thesizing)c(on)e(H8/300)7 b Fe(.)f(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)20 b Fd(45)1012 698 y Fs(T)1012 756 y Ff(TARGET)11 b(\()h Fe(format)i Ff(\))7 b Fe(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) h(.)20 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(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)16 b Fd(32)1012 1216 y(usage)t Fe(.)8 b(.)e(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h (.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)18 b Fd(11)1012 1319 y Fs(V)1012 1378 y Fd(v)n(ariables,)d(de\014ning)e Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)23 b Fd(22)1012 1427 y(v)o(erb)q(ose)5 b Fe(.)i(.)f(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)18 b Fd(14)1012 1477 y(v)o(ersion)12 b Fe(.)6 b(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)23 b Fd(9)1012 1527 y Ff(VERSION)10 b({script)h(text})5 b Fe(.)t(.)h(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) 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Fd(16)1012 1987 y(what)13 b(is)h(this?)t Fe(.)7 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)g (.)g(.)17 b Fd(1)p eop %%Page: 62 64 62 63 bop 75 149 a Fu(62)1227 b(Using)16 b(LD,)e(the)i(GNU)f(link)o(er) 643 1144 y(The)h(b)q(o)q(dy)g(of)e(this)i(man)o(ual)f(is)h(set)f(in)799 1199 y(cmr10)g(at)f(10.95pt,)631 1253 y(with)i(headings)g(in)g Fg(cm)o(b10)e(at)h(10.95pt)597 1308 y Fu(and)h(examples)g(in)g Ft(cmtt10)23 b(at)g(10.95pt)p Fu(.)754 1363 y Fr(cmti10)17 b(at)f(10.95pt)21 b Fu(and)799 1418 y Fn(cmsl10)15 b(at)g(10.95pt)754 1472 y Fu(are)g(used)h(for)e(emphasis.)p eop %%Page: -1 65 -1 64 bop 1862 149 a Fu(i)75 391 y Fp(T)-7 b(able)27 b(of)f(Con)n(ten)n(ts)75 557 y Fs(1)67 b(Ov)n(erview)8 b Fa(.)j(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.) g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)30 b Fs(1)75 689 y(2)67 b(In)n(v)n(o)r(cation)7 b Fa(.)12 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b(MRI)23 b(Compatible)g(Script)h (Files)d Fa(.)10 b(.)g(.)43 b Fs(55)75 384 y(Index)19 b Fa(.)11 b(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f (.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)f(.)g(.)g(.)h(.) f(.)g(.)g(.)g(.)h(.)41 b Fs(57)p eop %%Trailer end userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if %%EOF