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| 1 | This document is intended for those who wish to read the ssh source | ||
| 2 | code. This tries to give an overview of the structure of the code. | ||
| 3 | |||
| 4 | Copyright (c) 1995 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi> | ||
| 5 | Updated 17 Nov 1995. | ||
| 6 | Updated 19 Oct 1999 for OpenSSH-1.2 | ||
| 7 | |||
| 8 | The software consists of ssh (client), sshd (server), scp, sdist, and | ||
| 9 | the auxiliary programs ssh-keygen, ssh-agent, ssh-add, and | ||
| 10 | make-ssh-known-hosts. The main program for each of these is in a .c | ||
| 11 | file with the same name. | ||
| 12 | |||
| 13 | There are some subsystems/abstractions that are used by a number of | ||
| 14 | these programs. | ||
| 15 | |||
| 16 | Buffer manipulation routines | ||
| 17 | |||
| 18 | - These provide an arbitrary size buffer, where data can be appended. | ||
| 19 | Data can be consumed from either end. The code is used heavily | ||
| 20 | throughout ssh. The basic buffer manipulation functions are in | ||
| 21 | buffer.c (header buffer.h), and additional code to manipulate specific | ||
| 22 | data types is in bufaux.c. | ||
| 23 | |||
| 24 | Compression Library | ||
| 25 | |||
| 26 | - Ssh uses the GNU GZIP compression library (ZLIB). | ||
| 27 | |||
| 28 | Encryption/Decryption | ||
| 29 | |||
| 30 | - Ssh contains several encryption algorithms. These are all | ||
| 31 | accessed through the cipher.h interface. The interface code is | ||
| 32 | in cipher.c, and the implementations are in libc. | ||
| 33 | |||
| 34 | Multiple Precision Integer Library | ||
| 35 | |||
| 36 | - Uses the SSLeay BIGNUM sublibrary. | ||
| 37 | - Some auxiliary functions for mp-int manipulation are in mpaux.c. | ||
| 38 | |||
| 39 | Random Numbers | ||
| 40 | |||
| 41 | - Uses arc4random() and such. | ||
| 42 | |||
| 43 | RSA key generation, encryption, decryption | ||
| 44 | |||
| 45 | - Ssh uses the RSA routines in libssl. | ||
| 46 | |||
| 47 | RSA key files | ||
| 48 | |||
| 49 | - RSA keys are stored in files with a special format. The code to | ||
| 50 | read/write these files is in authfile.c. The files are normally | ||
| 51 | encrypted with a passphrase. The functions to read passphrases | ||
| 52 | are in readpass.c (the same code is used to read passwords). | ||
| 53 | |||
| 54 | Binary packet protocol | ||
| 55 | |||
| 56 | - The ssh binary packet protocol is implemented in packet.c. The | ||
| 57 | code in packet.c does not concern itself with packet types or their | ||
| 58 | execution; it contains code to build packets, to receive them and | ||
| 59 | extract data from them, and the code to compress and/or encrypt | ||
| 60 | packets. CRC code comes from crc32.c. | ||
| 61 | |||
| 62 | - The code in packet.c calls the buffer manipulation routines | ||
| 63 | (buffer.c, bufaux.c), compression routines (compress.c, zlib), | ||
| 64 | and the encryption routines. | ||
| 65 | |||
| 66 | X11, TCP/IP, and Agent forwarding | ||
| 67 | |||
| 68 | - Code for various types of channel forwarding is in channels.c. | ||
| 69 | The file defines a generic framework for arbitrary communication | ||
| 70 | channels inside the secure channel, and uses this framework to | ||
| 71 | implement X11 forwarding, TCP/IP forwarding, and authentication | ||
| 72 | agent forwarding. | ||
| 73 | The new, Protocol 1.5, channel close implementation is in nchan.c | ||
| 74 | |||
| 75 | Authentication agent | ||
| 76 | |||
| 77 | - Code to communicate with the authentication agent is in authfd.c. | ||
| 78 | |||
| 79 | Authentication methods | ||
| 80 | |||
| 81 | - Code for various authentication methods resides in auth-*.c | ||
| 82 | (auth-passwd.c, auth-rh-rsa.c, auth-rhosts.c, auth-rsa.c). This | ||
| 83 | code is linked into the server. The routines also manipulate | ||
| 84 | known hosts files using code in hostfile.c. Code in canohost.c | ||
| 85 | is used to retrieve the canonical host name of the remote host. | ||
| 86 | Code in match.c is used to match host names. | ||
| 87 | |||
| 88 | - In the client end, authentication code is in sshconnect.c. It | ||
| 89 | reads Passwords/passphrases using code in readpass.c. It reads | ||
| 90 | RSA key files with authfile.c. It communicates the | ||
| 91 | authentication agent using authfd.c. | ||
| 92 | |||
| 93 | The ssh client | ||
| 94 | |||
| 95 | - The client main program is in ssh.c. It first parses arguments | ||
| 96 | and reads configuration (readconf.c), then calls ssh_connect (in | ||
| 97 | sshconnect.c) to open a connection to the server (possibly via a | ||
| 98 | proxy), and performs authentication (ssh_login in sshconnect.c). | ||
| 99 | It then makes any pty, forwarding, etc. requests. It may call | ||
| 100 | code in ttymodes.c to encode current tty modes. Finally it | ||
| 101 | calls client_loop in clientloop.c. This does the real work for | ||
| 102 | the session. | ||
| 103 | |||
| 104 | - The client is suid root. It tries to temporarily give up this | ||
| 105 | rights while reading the configuration data. The root | ||
| 106 | privileges are only used to make the connection (from a | ||
| 107 | privileged socket). Any extra privileges are dropped before | ||
| 108 | calling ssh_login. | ||
| 109 | |||
| 110 | Pseudo-tty manipulation and tty modes | ||
| 111 | |||
| 112 | - Code to allocate and use a pseudo tty is in pty.c. Code to | ||
| 113 | encode and set terminal modes is in ttymodes.c. | ||
| 114 | |||
| 115 | Logging in (updating utmp, lastlog, etc.) | ||
| 116 | |||
| 117 | - The code to do things that are done when a user logs in are in | ||
| 118 | login.c. This includes things such as updating the utmp, wtmp, | ||
| 119 | and lastlog files. Some of the code is in sshd.c. | ||
| 120 | |||
| 121 | Writing to the system log and terminal | ||
| 122 | |||
| 123 | - The programs use the functions fatal(), log(), debug(), error() | ||
| 124 | in many places to write messages to system log or user's | ||
| 125 | terminal. The implementation that logs to system log is in | ||
| 126 | log-server.c; it is used in the server program. The other | ||
| 127 | programs use an implementation that sends output to stderr; it | ||
| 128 | is in log-client.c. The definitions are in ssh.h. | ||
| 129 | |||
| 130 | The sshd server (daemon) | ||
| 131 | |||
| 132 | - The sshd daemon starts by processing arguments and reading the | ||
| 133 | configuration file (servconf.c). It then reads the host key, | ||
| 134 | starts listening for connections, and generates the server key. | ||
| 135 | The server key will be regenerated every hour by an alarm. | ||
| 136 | |||
| 137 | - When the server receives a connection, it forks, disables the | ||
| 138 | regeneration alarm, and starts communicating with the client. | ||
| 139 | They first perform identification string exchange, then | ||
| 140 | negotiate encryption, then perform authentication, preparatory | ||
| 141 | operations, and finally the server enters the normal session | ||
| 142 | mode by calling server_loop in serverloop.c. This does the real | ||
| 143 | work, calling functions in other modules. | ||
| 144 | |||
| 145 | - The code for the server is in sshd.c. It contains a lot of | ||
| 146 | stuff, including: | ||
| 147 | - server main program | ||
| 148 | - waiting for connections | ||
| 149 | - processing new connection | ||
| 150 | - authentication | ||
| 151 | - preparatory operations | ||
| 152 | - building up the execution environment for the user program | ||
| 153 | - starting the user program. | ||
| 154 | |||
| 155 | Auxiliary files | ||
| 156 | |||
| 157 | - There are several other files in the distribution that contain | ||
| 158 | various auxiliary routines: | ||
| 159 | ssh.h the main header file for ssh (various definitions) | ||
| 160 | getput.h byte-order independent storage of integers | ||
| 161 | includes.h includes most system headers. Lots of #ifdefs. | ||
| 162 | tildexpand.c expand tilde in file names | ||
| 163 | uidswap.c uid-swapping | ||
| 164 | xmalloc.c "safe" malloc routines | ||
